2023 Third Circuit US Court of Appeals Case Law
Opinions 1 - 500 of 1116
Date: December 26, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2289
Justia Opinion Summary: The case involved a dispute between Winn-Dixie Stores and the Eastern Mushroom Marketing Cooperative, Inc. (EMMC), its individual mushroom farmer members, and certain downstream distributors. Winn-Dixie accused the…
Date: December 26, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2289
Date: December 22, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3287
Date: December 22, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1116
Date: December 22, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1175
Date: December 22, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1721
Date: December 18, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3377
Date: December 15, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1375
Date: December 14, 2023
Docket Number: 20-3298
Justia Opinion Summary: Shiheem Amos appealed the denial of his motion to suppress a firearm, which was found after he was stopped by police officers who suspected him of being involved in a disturbance reported at a nearby location. Amos…
Date: December 14, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1693
Date: December 13, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1726
Date: December 13, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3242
Date: December 12, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2153
Justia Opinion Summary: The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit heard an appeal by Mark Jordan regarding his conviction for armed bank robbery and associated gun charges. The main issue was whether armed bank robbery can be…
Date: December 12, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2649
Date: December 11, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1298
Date: December 11, 2023
Docket Number: 23-2273
Date: December 8, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1976
Justia Opinion Summary: The case involves an appeal by Michael Caraballo who was sentenced for an aggravated assault. He challenges the District Court's finding that the injuries sustained by his victim amounted to serious bodily injury rather…
Date: December 7, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1264
Justia Opinion Summary: In this case, the appellant, Steven Voneida, a former convict, appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, arguing that his conviction for transmitting threatening communications was no longer…
Date: December 7, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1108
Date: December 6, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2963
Justia Opinion Summary: Sherelle Thomas, on behalf of the estate of Terelle Thomas, sued the City of Harrisburg, PrimeCare Medical, Inc., and several individual law enforcement officers (the Officers) alleging that they failed to provide…
Date: December 6, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2963
Justia Opinion Summary: The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reviewed a case involving the estate of Terelle Thomas who died after ingesting a large amount of cocaine while in police custody. The plaintiffs, acting on behalf…
Date: December 6, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3259
Date: December 5, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3316
Justia Opinion Summary: A traffic stop conducted by Pennsylvania State Trooper Galen Clemons resulted in the arrest of Jamar Hunter after a loaded Glock-45 semi-automatic handgun was discovered in Hunter's waistband. This discovery followed a…
Date: December 5, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2432
Date: December 5, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3135
Justia Opinion Summary: In this case, the plaintiff, Maria Del Rosario Hernandez, filed a lawsuit against MicroBilt Corporation alleging the company violated the Fair Credit Reporting Act after the lender denied her loan application based on…
Date: December 1, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3068
Justia Opinion Summary: The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit reviewed a consolidated action related to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) acceptance of a tariff filed by PJM Interconnection, L.L.C. (PJM), a…
Date: December 1, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1453
Date: November 29, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1475
Date: November 27, 2023
Docket Number: 23-2047
Date: November 27, 2023
Docket Number: 23-2673
Date: November 22, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1094
Date: November 22, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1094
Date: November 21, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2488
Date: November 20, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2208
Justia Opinion Summary: Coach and Junius were involved in a drug distribution operation in North Philadelphia from 1992-2001. Coach was head of the operation and engaged in multiple acts of violence, including several homicides. Junius engaged…
Date: November 20, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2267
Justia Opinion Summary: In this case, Daniel Coach and Clifton Junius, who were both involved in a drug distribution operation, appealed the denials of their motions for sentence reduction under the First Step Act. They argued that their…
Date: November 14, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2770
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2022, Stewart, serving a life sentence for drug trafficking, racketeering, and attempted money laundering, moved for compassionate release, 18 U.S.C. 3582(c)(1)(A)(i). He cited his record of rehabilitation, the risks…
Date: November 13, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2445
Date: November 7, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1521
Date: November 6, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2205
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2011, Lutter began working for Essex County, in a bargaining unit represented by JNESO. Under Supreme Court precedent (Abood), a public-sector union could charge fees from non-union members whom the union represented.…
Date: November 6, 2023
Docket Number: 23-2273
Date: November 2, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1950
Justia Opinion Summary: Hackers infiltrated Wawa’s payment systems and obtained the credit and bank card data of about 22,000,000 customers. Wawa announced the breach on December 19, 2019; by the next day, attorneys had identified plaintiffs…
Date: October 30, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2784
Date: October 30, 2023
Docket Number: 23-2209
Date: October 26, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1680
Justia Opinion Summary: Stouffer was terminated at age 41 after working eight years for the Railroad. He sued, on behalf of himself and others similarly situated (Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 U.S.C. 621), claiming that the Railroad…
Date: October 26, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2426
Justia Opinion Summary: Janssen spent 10 years and over half a billion dollars developing an injectable version of the cancer drug trabectedin and patented some of the manufacturing processes. The data, specifications, and manufacturing…
Date: October 26, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1084
Date: October 24, 2023
Docket Numbers: 14-1493, 14-2677, 14-3975
Justia Opinion Summary: Under Kaboni’s leadership, the KSO gang sold drugs. While Kaboni was incarcerated, Kidada coordinated KSO activities. Northington was a KSO drug dealer and enforcer, causing one murder and committing another. Merritt…
Date: October 19, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3030
Justia Opinion Summary: The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act requires any tobacco product not on the market before February 15, 2007, to receive FDA approval, 21 U.S.C. 387j(a)(1)–(2). Only if the FDA concludes that “permitting…
Date: October 13, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2853
Date: October 12, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2483
Justia Opinion Summary: Huber visited Crozer doctors on four separate occasions, incurring debts to Crozer of $178, $78, $83.50, and $178. Crozer's debt collection agency, SAI, sent a form collection letter, with an “Account Summary” that…
Date: October 6, 2023
Docket Number: 21-1314
Date: October 4, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2767
Date: October 3, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3024
Date: October 2, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2430
Justia Opinion Summary: Ingram discovered a fraudulent Comcast account in his name for an address where he never lived. Ingram filed a direct dispute with Comcast, which requested several documents, including a notarized FTC fraud and identity…
Date: October 2, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2598
Date: September 29, 2023
Docket Number: 20-2551
Justia Opinion Summary: Since 1992, the Energy Star Program has set energy efficiency standards for categories of products and permitted approved products to bear the Energy Star logo. Three models of Whirlpool top-loading clothes washers were…
Date: September 29, 2023
Docket Number: 20-3203
Date: September 29, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3252
Date: September 29, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1042
Date: September 27, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3121
Date: September 27, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3378
Date: September 27, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1035
Date: September 26, 2023
Docket Number: 20-3307
Justia Opinion Summary: In 1992, Pesikan a six-year-old citizen of Bosnia, along with his mother, fled Bosnia. In 1998, they entered the U.S. as refugees and gained lawful permanent resident status. In 2017, Pesikan caused a car accident. A…
Date: September 26, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2554
Justia Opinion Summary: Packer was convicted of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute five grams or more of methamphetamine, and a substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine, 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B) and…
Date: September 26, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2774
Justia Opinion Summary: The Post-Gazette began moving to an all-digital format, which led to the termination of two paperhandlers represented by the Union. The layoffs took place during negotiations for a successor to the collective bargaining…
Date: September 26, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3315
Date: September 25, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2132
Date: September 22, 2023
Docket Numbers: 19-3774, 19-3679
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2018, Kousisis and Alpha Painting were convicted of conspiracy to commit wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. 1349, and three counts of wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. 1343. The charges arose from false documents filed concerning…
Date: September 22, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2565
Date: September 21, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2658
Date: September 19, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3187
Justia Opinion Summary: Durham, a prisoner with lumbar stenosis, received epidural steroid injections for pain and was prescribed a walking cane. In 2020, Durham was sent to a quarantine unit without his cane. For 10 days, Durham repeatedly,…
Date: September 19, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2687
Date: September 14, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1374
Justia Opinion Summary: Avila, a citizen of Honduras, experienced extreme sexual violence and attempted suicide more than once before fleeing Honduras. She became a lawful permanent resident in 2001. Between 1990-2004, she was convicted of…
Date: September 14, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2642
Date: September 14, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2749
Date: September 13, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1483
Date: September 13, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3396
Date: September 12, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1354
Date: September 12, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1426
Date: September 12, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1285
Date: September 8, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2874
Date: September 7, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2601
Justia Opinion Summary: Three men joined in a shootout, but only Rogers was convicted of murdering a bystander caught in their crossfire. At his trial, Rogers’s attorney did not object while the trial judge admonished a trial witness…
Date: September 7, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2821
Justia Opinion Summary: About 20 years ago, PIM introduced a chewy candy, watermelon-flavored, wedge-shaped Sour Jacks Wedges. Its colors match its flavor: a green layer topped by a thin white band with a larger red section. PIM advertised the…
Date: September 6, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2938
Date: September 6, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1427
Date: August 30, 2023
Docket Number: 21-1298
Justia Opinion Summary: Philadelphia Police obtained a search warrant for the house where Dennis resided, suspecting that it was being used for drug activity. Dennis was not home. Six officers performing surveillance were in plain clothes “to…
Date: August 30, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1527
Date: August 30, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1603
Justia Opinion Summary: Al-Hasani was born in Syria in 1966. He worked there as a human rights lawyer. In 2003, Al-Hasani married Khalili, who lived in Morocco. After their son was born, the Syrian government imposed a travel ban on Al-Hasani,…
Date: August 29, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1140
Date: August 29, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1733
Justia Opinion Summary: The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania amended Pennsylvania Rule of Professional Conduct 8.4 to prohibit harassment and discrimination in the practice of law. Greenberg, a Pennsylvania-licensed attorney, regularly gives…
Date: August 29, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1947
Justia Opinion Summary: Mercado filed weekly fraudulent Pandemic Unemployment Assistance claims, collecting a total of $37,555 in benefits. He pleaded guilty to wire fraud, 18 U.S.C. 1343. His plea agreement endorsed the possibility of a…
Date: August 29, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2030
Justia Opinion Summary: A project labor agreement (PLA) is a collective-bargaining agreement between a project owner, contractors, and unions, setting the terms and conditions of employment for a particular construction project. The terms can…
Date: August 29, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2636
Date: August 28, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1752
Justia Opinion Summary: Officers swarmed a New Jersey hotel room to execute an arrest warrant for Montalvo-Flores in connection with his suspected involvement in a robbery. They found car keys during a search incident to arrest. Although…
Date: August 28, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2289
Justia Opinion Summary: Winn-Dixie sued EMMC, its individual farmer members, and certain downstream distributors claiming their price-fixing agreement violated the Sherman Act. 15 U.S.C. 1. EMMC, a cooperative of mushroom growers, targets the…
Date: August 25, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1035
Justia Opinion Summary: Former employees of Alternatives, a for-profit hospice provider, sued under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. 3729, alleging that Alternatives submitted claims for Medicare reimbursement despite inadequate documentation in…
Date: August 24, 2023
Docket Number: 21-1748
Justia Opinion Summary: M.P.N. manufactures radiators in Philadelphia. Mercer worked at M.P.N. from 2015-2017. In 2019, Mercer sued., alleging that M.P.N. concealed blood test results showing that he had dangerously high levels of zinc and lead…
Date: August 24, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3299
Justia Opinion Summary: Federal Protective Service, within DHS, hires Protective Service Officers for federal property and can secure contracts for private security. FPS contracted with a private security company, to provide security for the…
Date: August 24, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1685
Date: August 23, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1280
Justia Opinion Summary: Epsilon, an Ohio corporation with a principal place of business in Texas, entered into Joint Operating Agreements (JOAs) with companies, including Chesapeake, an LLC whose sole member is an Oklahoma citizen, to develop…
Date: August 22, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1516
Justia Opinion Summary: Titus’s solo medical practice, in its last 13 months, earned $1.1 million by distributing more than 20,000 prescriptions for Schedule II drugs. Titus often did only cursory physical examinations before prescribing…
Date: August 22, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2602
Date: August 21, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1940
Justia Opinion Summary: Pretrial detainee Wilson complained to Philadelphia Federal Detention Center medical staff about a lump on his testicle in November 2017. They allegedly stated that such a lump was probably cancerous. Wilson subsequently…
Date: August 17, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2675
Date: August 17, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2676
Date: August 17, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2677
Date: August 17, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2679
Date: August 17, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3081
Date: August 17, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1214
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2022, New Jersey passed a law, N.J. Stat. 2C:58-33(a), that empowers only the state’s Attorney General to sue gun-industry members whose “unlawful … or unreasonable” conduct “contribute[s] to a public nuisance in [New…
Date: August 16, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1613
Justia Opinion Summary: Following workplace-safety regulations, Precision requires its rig hands to wear flame-retardant coveralls, steel-toed boots, hard hats, safety glasses, gloves, and earplugs. The rig hands, wanting to be paid for the…
Date: August 15, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1998
Date: August 15, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2613
Justia Opinion Summary: Police stopped Henderson for a traffic violation, searched his vehicle, and found a loaded semiautomatic firearm with an obliterated serial number and 13 rounds of ammunition. Henderson pled guilty to possession of a…
Date: August 11, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2013
Justia Opinion Summary: The universities, Pitt and Temple, offer traditional, on-campus educational programs. Temple also offers fully online distance-learning programs, which are separately advertised and priced. Students who enrolled in the…
Date: August 11, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2425
Date: August 9, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1402
Justia Opinion Summary: MAE and Zaycosky entered an employment contract. They could not agree on when Zaycosky promised to start his employment, so MAE sued in the state court venue prescribed in the contract. Zaycosky removed the case to…
Date: August 9, 2023
Docket Number: 22-8056
Justia Opinion Summary: Wolff received a settlement from the other driver, following a car accident. Aetna sought to collect some of the settlement funds to recoup the disability benefits it had paid to Wolff under her employer's disability…
Date: August 7, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1560
Justia Opinion Summary: Porat, the Dean of the Fox School of Business at Temple University, was “almost obsessed with rankings.” To manipulate Fox’s U.S. New and World Report rankings, he submitted false information about students taking the…
Date: August 4, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2704
Justia Opinion Summary: In 1985, Clark and Devose assaulted and kidnapped a postal worker at gunpoint, stripped him of his uniform, and restrained him in his truck. Disguised in the uniform, Devose gained entry to a banker’s home, where they…
Date: August 4, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3162
Justia Opinion Summary: Davis, a non-citizen, and Beckford, a U.S. citizen, met when they were children. In 1993, Davis was sentenced to life in prison for nonviolent drug convictions. When his sentence was reduced to 30 years in 2008, the two…
Date: August 4, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1896
Date: August 3, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2142
Justia Opinion Summary: Local 537 scheduled a vote to disaffiliate from UWUA and formed a new union, Independent 537. UWUA learned of the impending vote and declared an emergency trusteeship over Local 537. Ninety percent of Local 537 members…
Date: August 2, 2023
Docket Number: 19-1732
Justia Opinion Summary: This consolidated case concerns three appeals from orders entered by magistrate judges in the Western District of Pennsylvania in cases filed under 42 U.S.C. 1983. One case was involuntarily dismissed without prejudice…
Date: August 2, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1257
Justia Opinion Summary: Shaknitz pleaded guilty to three counts of distribution and attempted distribution of child pornography, 18 U.S.C. 2252(a), and one count of possession of child pornography. Shaknitz was sentenced to a 170-month term of…
Date: August 1, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1358
Justia Opinion Summary: Kramer’s then-wife, Terry, found a document on her husband’s computer that led her to believe that Kramer had engaged in sexual conduct with a minor. Later, Terry found photographs on Kramer’s cellphone depicting the…
Date: August 1, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1539
Date: July 28, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3032
Justia Opinion Summary: For many years, Zurn, a manufacturer of plumbing products and accessories, has faced multiple lawsuits in which claimants allege bodily injury or wrongful death caused by asbestos in its products. To cover litigation…
Date: July 28, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1272
Justia Opinion Summary: Following the armed robbery of a Winston-Salem, North Carolina convenience store, officers obtained a warrant for Stanford’s arrest and contacted Wilmington Detective Cannon for help apprehending Stanford, whom they…
Date: July 27, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1193
Justia Opinion Summary: Mylan regularly submitted abbreviated new drug applications (ANDAs) to the FDA, often including Paragraph IV certifications stating that the proposed generic drug at issue would not infringe valid patents. Mylan…
Date: July 25, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3023
Justia Opinion Summary: The Center for Biological Diversity challenged the Environmental Protection Agency’s approval of certain air pollution control technology for use at various Pennsylvania industrial facilities. The Center argues that the…
Date: July 25, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1783
Justia Opinion Summary: The owner and CEO of Southern Pines (Pat) recruited Kairys as Vice President of Sales to grow the company’s cryogenic trucking services. Soon after he started the job, Kairys required hip replacement surgery. Kairys had…
Date: July 25, 2023
Docket Number: 22-3185
Date: July 25, 2023
Docket Number: 23-1094
Justia Opinion Summary: Port Hamilton Refinery purchased an existing St. Croix petroleum refinery at a 2021 bankruptcy auction, hoping to resume operations. The Refinery had for decades served as the backbone of St. Croix’s local economy until…
Date: July 24, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2782
Date: July 21, 2023
Docket Number: 21-1047
Justia Opinion Summary: Gillette, a serial sex offender, received a 27-year sentence for sex crimes. After his release, he never registered as a sex offender. On a tip, law enforcement found that Gillette had been living with a 15-year-old boy…
Date: July 21, 2023
Docket Number: 21-2559
Justia Opinion Summary: Johnsonburg, Pennsylvania Officer Cuneo learned that the St. Marys Police Department had a search warrant to obtain a DNA sample from Perez. Cuneo knew Perez, a local with a history of illegal drug use. A log entry…
Date: July 20, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1562
Justia Opinion Summary: Vepuri is the de facto director of KVK-Tech, a generic drug manufacturer. He employed Panchal as its director of quality assurance. KVK-Tech manufactured and sold Hydroxyzine, a prescription generic drug used to treat…
Date: July 20, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2181
Justia Opinion Summary: An Asset Purchase Agreement provided that the sellers could receive variable payments (Earn-Out Consideration) if the post-merger company (IAS) achieved specific benchmarks. Section 2.6(c) specifies that IAS had to…
Date: July 19, 2023
Docket Numbers: 21-1362, 21-2623, 22-1953, 22-2328
Justia Opinion Summary: For 15 years, Charles ran 26 payday-lending companies, violating state criminal laws against usury, charging fees roughly equal to 780% interest per year. The companies grossed nearly half a billion dollars. Charles was…
Date: July 19, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3293
Justia Opinion Summary: Rivera flew from Miami to Saint Thomas, where Customs officers selected her for extra screening and asked her to fill out a Customs Declaration Form. On the Form, and in statements to officers, Rivera claimed ownership…
Date: July 19, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1789
Justia Opinion Summary: The Culps each received $8,826.30 to settle a lawsuit and reported their payments as “Other income,” “PRIZES, AWARDS” in their 2015 tax return. In 2017 the IRS proposed to increase their taxes owed for 2015 to reflect a…
Date: July 19, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2037
Justia Opinion Summary: Before Dante (age 2) died, his aunt, Mercado, filed a report with the Office of Children and Youth Services, which investigated Dante’s welfare. Bowie, who was dating Dante’s mother, was charged with murdering him. In…
Date: July 19, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2689
Date: July 19, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2840
Date: July 17, 2023
Docket Number: 22-1618
Justia Opinion Summary: Berkelhammer and Ruiz participated in the ADP TotalSource Retirement Savings Plan, an investment portfolio managed by NFP. They filed suit under section 502(a)(2) of the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974…
Date: July 14, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2085
Justia Opinion Summary: Jumper, a securities broker-dealer, arranged financing on behalf of private investors for the purchase of a Pennsylvania fire-brick manufacturer. Jumper fraudulently obtained authority to transfer the company’s pension…
Date: July 14, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2392
Justia Opinion Summary: In White Deer Township, a four-mile gap in Verizon’s wireless coverage overlays Interstate 80; Verizon customers are likely to experience “dropped calls,” “ineffective call attempts,” and “garbled audio.” The area is…
Date: July 14, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2743
Date: July 13, 2023
Docket Number: 21-3185
Justia Opinion Summary: In 2006, Mervilus, age 22, supported his mother, a cancer patient, and two younger siblings. Abreu accused Mervilus of robbing and stabbing him. Mervilus agreed to take a polygraph examination. Earlier that year,…
Date: July 13, 2023
Docket Number: 22-2806
Justia Opinion Summary: Imperial Sugar went bankrupt in 2001 and suffered a costly accident in 2008, prompting its sale to Louis Dreyfus. Imperial receives from Louis Dreyfus only minimal investment and is an “import-based, price-uncompetitive…
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