Lewis v. Connecticut Comm'r of Corr., No. 14-193 (2d Cir. 2015)
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Petitioner sought habeas relief based on the ground that the State denied his constitutional right to a fair trial when it withheld exculpatory evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland. The district court granted the petition and the court affirmed, concluding that the State violated Brady when it failed to disclose to the defense that a witness had repeatedly denied having any knowledge of the murders and only implicated petitioner after a police detective promised to let him go if he gave a statement in which he admitted to being the getaway driver and incriminated petitioner and another individual.
The court issued a subsequent related opinion or order on June 22, 2015.
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14 193 pr Lewis v. Connecticut Commissioner of Correction 1 2 3 4 In the United States Court of Appeals For the Second Circuit 31 ________ AUGUST TERM, 2014 ARGUED: OCTOBER 22, 2014 DECIDED: MAY 14, 2015 No. 14 193 pr SCOTT LEWIS, Petitioner Appellee, v. CONNECTICUT COMMISSIONER OF CORRECTION, Respondent Appellant. ________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut. No. 3 Civ. 196 – Charles S. Haight, Jr., Judge. ________ Before: WINTER, WALKER, and CABRANES, Circuit Judges. ________ In 1990, a jury convicted Petitioner Scott Lewis of murdering 32 Ricardo Turner and Lamont Fields. The government’s case against 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 2 No. 14 193 pr 1 Lewis depended almost entirely on the testimony of its key 2 witness Ovil Ruiz. At the time of Lewis’s trial, however, the State 3 failed to disclose to the defense that Ruiz had repeatedly denied 4 having any knowledge of the murders and only implicated Lewis 5 after a police detective promised to let Ruiz go if he gave a statement 6 in which he admitted to being the getaway driver and incriminated 7 Lewis and another individual, Stefon Morant. Lewis now seeks 8 habeas relief on the grounds that the State of Connecticut denied his 9 constitutional right to a fair trial when it withheld exculpatory 10 evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). The 11 United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Charles 12 S. Haight, Jr., Judge) granted Lewis’s habeas petition on the basis of 13 the Brady violation. We agree with the district court and AFFIRM the 14 grant of habeas corpus. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 ________ BRETT DIGNAM (Elora Mukherjee, on the brief), Morningside Heights Legal Services, Inc., New York, N.Y., for Petitioner Appellee. MICHAEL PROTO, Office of the Chief State’s Attorney, Rocky Hill, C.T., for Respondent Appellant. 3 No. 14 193 pr ________ 1 2 3 JOHN M. WALKER, JR., Circuit Judge: 4 In 1990, a jury convicted Petitioner Scott Lewis of murdering 5 Ricardo Turner and Lamont Fields. The government’s case against 6 Lewis depended almost entirely on the testimony of its key 7 witness Ovil Ruiz. At the time of Lewis’s trial, however, the State 8 failed to disclose to the defense that Ruiz had repeatedly denied 9 having any knowledge of the murders and only implicated Lewis 10 after a police detective promised to let Ruiz go if he gave a statement 11 in which he admitted to being the getaway driver and incriminated 12 Lewis and another individual, Stefon Morant. Lewis now seeks 13 habeas relief on the grounds that the State of Connecticut denied his 14 constitutional right to a fair trial when it withheld exculpatory 15 evidence in violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). The 16 United States District Court for the District of Connecticut (Charles 17 S. Haight, Jr., Judge) granted Lewis’s habeas petition on the basis of 18 the Brady violation. We agree with the district court and AFFIRM the 19 grant of habeas corpus. 4 No. 14 193 pr BACKGROUND 1 2 3 shot and killed in their apartment at 634 Howard Avenue in New 4 Haven, Connecticut. The State charged Scott Lewis and Stefon 5 Morant, with the murders and tried them separately in Connecticut 6 Superior Court. Morant was tried first and convicted of both 7 murders. 8 On October 11, 1990, Ricardo Turner and Lamont Fields were I. Lewis’s Trial 9 At trial, the State did not introduce any eyewitness testimony 10 or forensic evidence against Lewis. The government’s key witness, 11 Ovil Ruiz, was the only witness who directly implicated Lewis in the 12 murders. Ruiz testified at trial, in substance, as follows. On the 13 night of the murders, Ruiz drove Lewis and Morant to 634 Howard 14 Avenue and waited in the car while they went inside. While he was 15 waiting, he heard gunshots. Lewis and Morant then returned to the 16 car with gym bags containing drugs and cash. Ruiz later overheard a 17 conversation in which Lewis admitted to shooting Turner and 5 No. 14 193 pr 1 Fields. And two to three weeks after the murder, Ruiz saw Lewis 2 throw a gun into the river near the Chapel Street Bridge. 3 4 murder and two counts of felony murder, one as to each victim. The 5 Superior Court sentenced Lewis principally to 120 years’ 6 imprisonment. On direct appeal, the Supreme Court of Connecticut 7 affirmed Lewis’s convictions for the murders but vacated his felony 8 murder convictions on double jeopardy grounds. See State v. Lewis, 9 245 Conn. 779 (1998). 10 On May 10, 1995, the jury convicted Lewis on two counts of II. Subsequent Testimony 11 On October 25 and 26, 1999, Michael J. Sweeney, a 37 year 12 veteran of the New Haven Police Department (“NHPD”)—and one 13 of two police detectives who questioned Ruiz on the night he first 14 implicated Lewis provided critical information concerning the 15 circumstances in which Ruiz inculpated Lewis at the police station 16 on January 13 14, 1991. At the hearing on Morant’s motion for a new 6 No. 14 193 pr 1 trial before the Honorable Judge Jon C. Blue of the Connecticut 2 Superior Court,1 Sweeney testified as follows. 3 Detective Vincent Raucci arrested Ruiz in connection with 4 another murder on January 13, 1991 and brought him to the New 5 Haven police station. Sweeney, Raucci’s supervising officer, first 6 questioned Ruiz about the Fields Turner murders. Ruiz said he did 7 not know anything about them. Then, Sweeney and Raucci jointly 8 interviewed Ruiz, who repeated that he had no information about 9 these murders and was not at the murder scene. 10 Raucci then began telling Ruiz the facts of the Fields Turner 11 case. Raucci described where the murders occurred, the apartment 12 building, and a scenario in which the murderers escaped with guns 13 in a gym bag. At that point, Sweeney asked Raucci to step outside 14 and told him that his interrogation approach was inappropriate. 15 When the detectives returned to the interrogation, Raucci told Ruiz In this separate proceeding, Judge Blue denied Morant’s motion for a new trial based on his conclusion that there was extensive independent evidence implicating Morant in the murders. See Morant v. State, No. 398736, 2000 WL 804695 (Conn. Super. Ct. June 5, 2000), aff d, 68 Conn. App. 137 (2002). This decision regarding Morant is not before us. Relevant here, however, Judge Blue determined at that hearing that Sweeney was a credible witness, and that the testimony recounted below should be credited. 1 7 No. 14 193 pr 1 that “he would let him go,” and that he wanted him to say “that he 2 was driving the car that night.” S.A. 443. Raucci also warned Ruiz 3 “that it was in his best interest to tell what happened [and] give a 4 detailed statement as to his participation and also the other two.” 5 S.A. 443. At that point, Ruiz started changing his statement. 6 Sweeney again took Raucci outside and told him to “knock it 7 off.” S.A. 444. Specifically, Sweeney told Raucci “don’t tell [Ruiz] 8 parts of the case and then five minutes later let him parrot what 9 you’re saying and take it as fact.” S.A. 444. When Judge Blue asked 10 Sweeney to clarify what information Raucci gave Ruiz, Sweeney 11 said, among other things, that Raucci told Ruiz “that he was present 12 with the two individuals, Scott Lewis and Stefon Morant.” S.A. 460. 13 On cross examination, Sweeney acknowledged that police officers 14 frequently divulge certain facts in order to extract additional 15 information from a potential suspect, but explained that Raucci was 16 “detailing the whole case” to Ruiz, S.A. 414, rather than telling him 17 “a little to get a lot,” S.A. 337. 8 No. 14 193 pr 1 Sweeney was then pulled away on another matter, so Raucci 2 interviewed Ruiz alone. When Sweeney returned, Raucci told him 3 that Ruiz wanted to give a detailed statement about his involvement 4 in the murders. Concerned by the significant change in Ruiz’s story, 5 Sweeney spoke to Ruiz alone and asked him if he was “truthful in 6 stating that these two persons were there and [he] drove the car.” 7 S.A. 446. Ruiz said “no . . . . [h]e was not telling the truth,” he 8 “knew nothing,” and “the information he did give . . . . was all 9 information gathered from Detective Raucci.” Id. Significantly, Ruiz 10 told Sweeney that he changed his story “because Detective Raucci 11 said he was gonna let him go.” Id. 12 Sweeney, again, confronted Raucci. At Raucci’s request, 13 Sweeney gave Raucci one final opportunity to interview Ruiz alone. 14 After that interview, Raucci told Sweeney that Ruiz wanted to say 15 that he “overheard these two people talking about the case, that he 16 wasn’t present.” S.A. 446. At that late point in the evening, Sweeney 17 thought that “might be true,” so he told Raucci to take the statement. 9 No. 14 193 pr 1 S.A. 446 47. Shortly thereafter, Sweeney’s shift ended, and he did 2 not see Ruiz again. 3 In 1998, Sweeney retired from the NHPD and volunteered to 4 serve as a U.N. station commander, supervising police officers in 5 post war Bosnia. When he returned to the United States, he read in 6 a local newspaper that Raucci had resigned from the NHPD because 7 of misconduct. Specifically, Raucci was linked to the New Haven 8 drug trade; charged with larceny following an internal NHPD 9 investigation; arrested for a domestic violence incident; and, after 10 fleeing Connecticut as a result of the charges against him, was 11 ultimately arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) 12 after a four hour standoff in New Mexico. Sweeney later testified 13 during an evidentiary hearing on Lewis’s federal habeas petition 14 that he came forward because he felt Ruiz was “absolutely 15 untruthful,” A. 39, and that the story implicating Lewis and Morant 16 was “fabricated,” S.A. 37.2 At Lewis’s trial in 1990, the prosecution We also note that Sweeney’s testimony corroborates evidence obtained by the FBI during an investigation of Raucci’s conduct. That evidence, which we do not take into consideration in deciding Lewis’s habeas petition, includes a letter Ruiz wrote to the FBI on August 24, 1999 in which he wrote that he “set up” 2 10 No. 14 193 pr 1 failed to disclose to the defense any of the circumstances of Ruiz’s 2 police interrogation to which Sweeney testified. 3 III. The State Habeas Proceedings 4 On January 9, 2001, Lewis filed a pro se habeas petition in 5 Connecticut Superior Court. He raised three claims: (1) newly 6 discovered evidence that Ruiz perjured himself; (2) a Brady violation 7 based on the State’s failure to disclose evidence of Ruiz’s prior 8 inconsistent statements and Raucci’s coaching of Ruiz’s testimony; 9 and (3) newly discovered evidence of alibi testimony. In support of 10 his petition, Lewis included transcripts of Sweeney’s testimony at 11 the Morant hearing. 12 The Connecticut Superior Court (Howard Zoarski, Judge) 13 (hereinafter, the “state habeas court”) denied Lewis’s petition. With 14 respect to Lewis’s Brady claim, the state habeas court concluded that 15 “not only was all exculpatory evidence furnished to the defense, but 16 also the alleged evidence was available by due diligence to the 17 defense.” Lewis v. Warden, No. CV 99 0424021 S, 2001 WL 1203354, Lewis for a murder he did not commit at the instigation of a “corrupted cop.” S.A. 74. 11 No. 14 193 pr 1 at *3 (Conn. Super. Ct. Sept. 19, 2001). The state habeas court 2 determined that Raucci only provided Ruiz with “insignificant 3 facts” such as the location of the apartment on Howard Avenue, 4 the color of the buildings, and the make of Lewis’s car and that 5 “the information provided by Detective Raucci . . . did not disclose 6 the names of the petitioner or Morant.” Id. at *2. Notably, the state 7 habeas decision omitted any reference to Sweeney’s testimony that 8 Ruiz initially denied having any knowledge of the murders, that he 9 was parroting what Raucci told him, and, critically, that after he 10 changed his story to inculpate Lewis, Ruiz told Sweeney that he did 11 so because “Raucci said he was gonna let him go.” S.A. 446. 12 Pursuant to Section 52 470(g) of the Connecticut General 13 Statutes, Lewis, acting pro se, petitioned a justice on the Connecticut 14 Supreme Court for certification to appeal to the Connecticut 15 Appellate Court.3 On October 22, 2001, the certification was denied At the time of Lewis’s petition, Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 52 470(b) (1983) provided that a petitioner seeking to bring an appeal before the Connecticut Appellate Court could seek certification to appeal from the judge who decided the case, a judge of the Connecticut Appellate Court, or a justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court. The Connecticut Legislature revised this statute in 3 12 No. 14 193 pr 1 without opinion by a one justice order. Lewis then filed an 2 uncertified appeal with the Appellate Court. In support of his 3 appeal, Lewis provided the Appellate Court with transcripts from 4 his criminal trial, the probable cause hearing, and Sweeney’s 5 testimony at the Morant hearing; the state habeas court decision; and 6 excerpts from the FBI investigation discussing Ruiz’s relationship 7 with Raucci. On November 19, 2002, a three judge panel of the 8 Appellate Court issued a per curiam opinion, dismissing Lewis’s 9 appeal on the grounds that he failed to include the transcript from 10 his state habeas trial before Judge Zoarski and thus failed to provide 11 an adequate record for review. Lewis v. Comm r of Corr., 73 Conn. 12 App. 597, 599 (2002). Thereafter, Lewis sought review by the 13 Connecticut Supreme Court through a petition for certification, 14 which was denied on January 14, 2003 without discussion. Lewis v. 15 Comm r of Corr., 262 Conn. 938 (2003). 16 2002, eliminating the option to appeal to a Connecticut Supreme Court justice. Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. § 52 470(g) (2002). 13 1 No. 14 193 pr IV. The District Court Proceedings 2 Lewis filed a petition for federal habeas relief in the District of 3 Connecticut, arguing, in relevant part, that the State denied his right 4 to a fair trial and violated his right to due process when it withheld 5 Brady material during his trial. Judge Haight first considered and 6 rejected the State’s claim that Lewis had procedurally defaulted on 7 his Brady claim.4 Lewis v. Comm r of Corr., No. 03 Civ. 196, 2012 WL 8 601773, at *6 (D. Conn. Feb. 23, 2012). Then, on December 16, 2013, 9 following extensive motion practice, a ten day evidentiary hearing 10 at which Sweeney testified in person, and oral argument, Judge 11 Haight granted Lewis’s petition for habeas relief in a thorough 68 12 page opinion. Lewis v. Comm r of Corr., 975 F. Supp. 2d 169 (D. Conn. 13 2013). The district court determined that Lewis’s habeas claim 14 survived scrutiny under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death 15 Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), which requires 16 deference to state procedures, because the state habeas decision was The district court also determined that Lewis did not fail to exhaust his state remedies, a determination not challenged in this appeal. 4 14 No. 14 193 pr 1 based on an “erroneous and unreasonable” determination of the 2 facts, 975 F. Supp. 2d at 180, and “was contrary to [clearly] 3 established Federal law, [as determined by the Supreme Court of the 4 United States],” id. at 181. The district court, after carefully 5 articulating the arguments on both sides and meticulously 6 reviewing all of the evidence, concluded that Lewis was entitled to 7 federal habeas relief. Id. at 198. 8 The district court therefore directed the Commissioner of 9 Correction of the State of Connecticut to release Lewis from its 10 custody “within sixty (60) days of the date of this Ruling and Order, 11 unless the State of Connecticut within those 60 days declares its 12 written intention . . . to retry [Lewis] on the charges against him 13 . . . .” Id. at 208 209. On February 14, 2014, the parties submitted a 14 joint motion to release Lewis, which was granted by the district 15 court. Accordingly, on February 26, 2014, the district court signed a 16 writ ordering Lewis’s release. The State timely appealed. 15 No. 14 193 pr DISCUSSION 1 2 The State argues that the district court erred in granting 3 habeas relief because: (1) Lewis procedurally defaulted on his Brady 4 claim at the state level, and (2) Lewis did not satisfy either of 5 AEDPA’s substantive conditions under § 2254(d) because the state 6 habeas court’s decision did not contravene clearly established 7 federal law and was not based on an unreasonable factual 8 determination. We disagree. 9 Lewis, who was a pro se litigant in state court, sufficiently 10 complied with all state law procedural requirements capable of 11 barring federal review. Moreover, Lewis satisfied both of § 2254(d)’s 12 substantive predicates, even though he only needed to satisfy one.5 13 We conclude both (1) that the state habeas court contravened clearly 14 established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court in A federal court may only grant a petitioner relief with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State court proceedings if the State adjudication: (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law was determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) (2). 5 16 No. 14 193 pr 1 Brady and its progeny when it held the defendant was required to 2 exercise “due diligence” to obtain exculpatory evidence, Lewis, 2001 3 WL 1203354, at *3, and (2) that the state habeas court based its 4 decision on unreasonable findings of fact when it ignored key 5 aspects of the record. Accordingly, the district court had authority 6 to consider the merits of Lewis’s Brady claim and properly granted 7 habeas relief. 8 I. Procedural Bars 9 We review do novo the question of whether a procedural 10 ground is adequate to support a state court’s judgment. See Monroe 11 v. Kuhlman, 433 F.3d 236, 240 (2d Cir. 2006). 12 “[F]ederal courts will not review questions of federal law 13 presented in a habeas petition when the state court’s decision rests 14 upon a state law ground that ‘is independent of the federal question 15 and adequate to support the judgment.’” Cone v. Bell, 556 U.S. 449, 16 465 (2009) (quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729 (1991)). A 17 state court’s adjudication of a petitioner’s federal claim only bars 18 federal habeas review when “the last state court rendering a 17 No. 14 193 pr 1 judgment in the case clearly and expressly states that its judgment 2 rests on a state procedural bar.” Messiah v. Duncan, 435 F.3d 186, 195 3 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, it 4 must be “clear from the face of the opinion” that the state court’s 5 decision rests on a state procedural bar. Coleman, 501 U.S. at 735 6 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Fama v. Comm r of Corr. 7 Servs., 235 F.3d 804, 809 (2d Cir. 2000). However, even if the state 8 court’s decision clearly rests on a procedural bar, federal review will 9 only be precluded if that procedural bar constitutes “a firmly 10 established and regularly followed state practice.” Ford v. Georgia, 11 498 U.S. 411, 423–24 (1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). 12 The State argues that Lewis’s Brady claim was procedurally 13 barred because (a) he failed to provide the Appellate Court with an 14 adequate record for review, and (b) he failed to brief the issue of 15 whether it was an abuse of discretion to deny him certification to 16 appeal. Neither argument has merit. 17 18 18 1 No. 14 193 pr A. The Adequate Record Rule 2 The State first argues that Lewis procedurally defaulted on his 3 Brady claim because he did not provide the Appellate Court with a 4 transcript of the state habeas proceedings and thus failed to provide 5 an adequate record for review under Connecticut Rule of Appellate 6 Procedure 61–10. Conn. Practice Book 1998 § 61 10. This argument 7 fails for several reasons. 8 First, it is not clear that the Appellate Court recognized the 9 Brady claim that Lewis indisputably raised, let alone dismissed it on 10 procedural grounds. The Appellate Court’s decision described the 11 issues before it as whether the state habeas court erred: 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 (1) in concluding that the testimony of Michael Sweeney, a police detective, did not constitute newly discovered evidence and (2) in failing to draw an adverse inference against the respondent commissioner of correction when Ovil Ruiz, a witness at the habeas trial, invoked his fifth amendment privilege against compelled self incrimination. Lewis, 2012 WL 601773, at *5 (internal quotation marks omitted). 19 No. 14 193 pr 1 The Appellate Court appears to have missed Lewis’s Brady 2 claim entirely.6 Yet, in a clear and well researched pro se brief to the 3 Appellate Court, Lewis argued that the State failed to disclose 4 evidence that was material and exculpatory, citing Brady, United 5 States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667 (1985), and United States v. Agurs, 427 6 U.S. 97 (1976), among other relevant cases. With no reference to the 7 Brady claim in the Appellate Court’s decision, it is certainly not 8 “clear from the face of the opinion” that the state habeas court 9 rejected Lewis’s Brady claim on state procedural grounds. Coleman, 10 501 U.S. at 733; see also Messiah, 435 F.3d at 196. 11 Second, Lewis only failed to comply with the adequate record 12 requirement of Rule 61–10 if the state habeas transcript was 13 necessary for appellate review. Chapter 63 of Connecticut’s Rules 14 of Appellate Procedure states that an appellant must file the 15 portions of a trial court proceeding transcript that he “deem[s] The Appellate Court’s failure to recognize Lewis’s Brady claim is likely due, at least in part, to the State’s misrepresentation of the issues on appeal. The State’s brief before the Appellate Court characterized Lewis’s petition as presenting: (1) “claims of newly discovered evidence” and (2) “claims that the habeas court abused its discretion by not drawing an adverse inference against Ovil Ruiz.” S.A. 382. Nowhere in its brief did the State address Lewis’s Brady claim. 6 20 No. 14 193 pr 1 necessary” for review, but an appellant may file a statement that no 2 transcript is necessary. See Conn. Practice Book 1998 § 63–8; § 63– 3 4(a)(3). Lewis indicated in a statement to the Appellate Court that 4 the state habeas transcript was not necessary for review. See Lewis, 5 73 Conn. App. at 598. He was correct. 6 Lewis’s petition first argued that the state habeas court erred 7 as a matter of law by requiring him to exercise “due diligence” to 8 obtain Brady material. In the particular circumstances presented 9 here, the Appellate Court would have been able to decide the purely 10 legal question of whether the state habeas court improperly 11 incorporated a “due diligence” requirement into its opinion without 12 reviewing the transcript from the state habeas proceedings. 13 Moreover, it is not clear what additional information the 14 Appellate Court would have gleaned from the state habeas 15 transcript that it did not already have. The State did not call 16 witnesses or offer exhibits during the state habeas trial. In support of 17 his appeal, Lewis provided the Appellate Court with transcripts 18 from his criminal trial and the probable cause hearing; Sweeney’s 21 No. 14 193 pr 1 testimony at the Morant hearing; the state habeas court decision; and 2 excerpts from the FBI investigation discussing Ruiz’s relationship 3 with Raucci. In these circumstances, the materials provided by 4 Lewis were adequate to enable the Appellate Court to review 5 Lewis’s claims of error, and the state has not explained how the 6 transcript could have improved the record. 7 B. Certification 8 Section 52–470(g) of the Connecticut General Statutes requires 9 a petitioner seeking to appeal a habeas court’s decision to file a 10 petition for certification to appeal. A petitioner may file an 11 uncertified appeal, however, if the denial of certification constituted 12 an abuse of discretion. Simms v. Warden, 230 Conn. 608, 615 (1994). 13 Under Connecticut law, failure to certify an appeal is an abuse of 14 discretion if the appeal is “not frivolous.” Taylor v. Comm r of 15 Correction, 284 Conn. 433, 448 (2007) (internal quotation marks 16 omitted). 17 The State argues that Lewis procedurally defaulted on his 18 Brady claim following the denial of certification to appeal by a justice 22 No. 14 193 pr 1 of the Connecticut Supreme Court because he failed to brief the 2 question of whether that denial constituted an abuse of discretion in 3 his petition to the Appellate Court. But the State has not shown that 4 “a firmly established and regularly followed state practice” required 5 Lewis to brief the certification issue. See Ford, 498 U.S. at 423–24. In 6 fact, the State does not identify any Connecticut authority for a 7 certification briefing requirement; rather, it argues that Lewis failed 8 to follow the procedure for appeals. Moreover, Connecticut courts do 9 not regularly enforce this procedure. See, e.g., Hankerson v. Comm. of 10 Corr., 150 Conn. App. 362, 368 (2014) (ordering supplemental 11 briefing when the petitioner failed to brief the certification question). 12 Even assuming such a briefing requirement existed, Lewis 13 effectively complied with it by arguing to the Appellate Court that 14 his appeal was not frivolous. Connecticut courts apply the criteria 15 set forth in Lozada v. Deeds, 498 U.S. 430, 431–32 (1991) (per curiam), 16 when determining whether an appeal is frivolous. Under Lozada, a 17 petitioner must demonstrate one of the following: “that the issues 18 are debatable among jurists of reason; that a court could resolve the 23 No. 14 193 pr 1 issues in a different manner; or that the questions are adequate to 2 deserve encouragement to proceed further.” 498 U.S. at 432 3 (emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks and alternations 4 omitted). Thus, in deciding the abuse of discretion question, a court 5 “necessarily must consider the merits of the petitioner’s underlying 6 claims.” Taylor, 284 Conn. at 449. 7 Lewis fully argued the merits of his Brady claim. Although he 8 did not cite Lozada by name, Lewis contended, inter alia, that the 9 state habeas court “applied the wrong standard of review 10 concerning the evidence of Sweeney’s testimony,” and that its 11 factual findings were “unsupported by the evidence.” S.A. 296. He 12 also provided citations to the portions of Sweeney’s testimony 13 before Judge Blue, see supra note 1, which undermined Ruiz’s 14 credibility. At the very least, Lewis demonstrated that his case 15 presented issues that were debatable among jurists of reason. See 16 Lozada, 498 U.S. at 432. Given that courts interpret pro se filings 17 liberally, see, e.g., Hill v. Curcione, 657 F.3d 116, 122 (2d Cir. 2011); 18 Ajadi v. Comm r of Corr., 280 Conn. 514, 549 (2006), we easily 24 No. 14 193 pr 1 interpret Lewis’s brief to argue that his appeal was not frivolous and 2 thus that it was an abuse of discretion to deny certification. 3 Accordingly, we find no procedural bar to considering the 4 merits of Lewis’s habeas claim and thus turn to AEDPA’s 5 substantive predicates. 6 II. § 2254(d) Substantive Predicates to Federal Habeas Review 7 We review a district court’s decision to grant a petition for a 8 writ of habeas corpus de novo and its factual findings for clear error. 9 Hemstreet v. Greiner, 491 F.3d 84, 89 (2d Cir. 2007). 10 AEDPA provides for federal habeas relief when a “person in 11 custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court . . . is in custody in 12 violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States,” 13 28 U.S.C. § 2254(a), subject to certain conditions. AEDPA states that 14 a federal habeas court may only grant a petitioner relief with 15 “respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State 16 court proceedings” if the State adjudication: 17 18 19 (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or 25 No. 14 193 pr 3 (2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 4 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) (2); see also, e.g., Brown v. Alexander, 543 F.3d 5 94, 100 (2d Cir. 2008). A federal habeas court must assume that all 6 factual determinations made by the state court were correct unless 7 the petitioner rebuts those findings by clear and convincing 8 evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); see also Bierenbaum v. Graham, 607 9 F.3d 36, 48 (2d Cir. 2010). Given that the Appellate Court denied, 10 erroneously in our view, Lewis’s petition on the basis that he failed 11 to file the transcript of his state habeas proceeding, the only state 12 court that adjudicated Lewis’s habeas petition “on the merits” was 13 the state habeas court. 1 2 14 The phrase “clearly established federal law, as determined by 15 the Supreme Court of the United States” refers to “the holdings, as 16 opposed to the dicta, of [the Supreme] Court’s decisions as of the 17 time of the relevant state court decision.” Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 18 362, 412 (2000). A state court decision is contrary to such clearly 19 established federal law if it “applies a rule that contradicts the 20 governing law set forth in the Supreme Court’s cases” or “if the state 26 No. 14 193 pr 1 court confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable 2 from a decision of the Supreme Court and nevertheless arrives at a 3 result different from its precedent.” Boyette v. Lefevre, 246 F.3d 76, 90 4 (2d Cir. 2001) (quoting Williams, 529 U.S. at 406) (internal alterations 5 omitted). A state court decision is based on a clearly erroneous 6 factual determination if the state court “failed to weigh all of the 7 relevant evidence before making its factual findings.” Doe v. Menefee, 8 391 F.3d 147, 164 (2d Cir. 2004); see also Milke v. Ryan, 711 F.3d 998, 9 1010 (9th Cir. 2013) (a state court decision is based on an 10 “unreasonable determination of the facts” if the state court fails “to 11 consider key aspects of the record”). 12 In sum, in order to satisfy § 2254(d)’s substantive predicates 13 and merit federal review of his Brady claim, Lewis need only 14 establish either that the state habeas court’s decision: (1) contravened 15 clearly established federal law, as determined by the Supreme 16 Court, or (2) was based on an unreasonable determination of the 17 facts. Here, Lewis has shown both. 18 27 1 No. 14 193 pr A. Clearly Established Federal Law: Brady and its Progeny 2 Well established Supreme Court precedent holds that the 3 prosecution has a clear and unconditional duty to disclose all 4 material, exculpatory evidence. See Brady, 373 U.S. at 87. This duty 5 exists whether or not the defense requests exculpatory evidence. See, 6 e.g., Bagley, 473 U.S. at 681 2; Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154 7 55 (1972) (applying Brady to impeachment evidence). The Supreme 8 Court has never required a defendant to exercise due diligence to 9 obtain Brady material. See, e.g., Agurs, 427 U.S. at 107. The state 10 habeas court’s imposition of such a due diligence requirement 11 plainly violated clearly established federal law under Brady and its 12 progeny. 13 The State’s argument that the state habeas court’s “due 14 diligence language is reasonably interpreted as directed to the 15 petitioner’s ‘actual innocence’ assertion, rather than his Brady claim,” 16 Resp. Br. at 39, distorts the state habeas court’s decision. The 17 relevant portion of the decision states: 18 19 The claim of the petitioner that exculpatory information was not provided to the defense prior to the trial in 1995, has not 28 No. 14 193 pr 5 been proven. This court finds not only was all exculpatory evidence furnished to the defense, but also the alleged evidence was available by due diligence to the defense, and the petitioner was obliged to raise his claims before the trial court or the Appellate Court. 6 Lewis, 2001 WL 1203354, at *3 (emphasis added). The “due 7 diligence” language patently pertains to Lewis’s claim that 8 “exculpatory evidence was not provided to the defense,” in other 9 words, to his Brady claim. 1 2 3 4 10 The State also argues that the due diligence finding was an 11 “alternate basis” for the state habeas court’s denial of Lewis’s 12 petition, and therefore the legal error is immaterial. That argument, 13 however, only succeeds if the state habeas court had a valid basis for 14 determining that “all exculpatory information [was] turned over to 15 the defense,” and thus that there was no Brady violation. For the 16 reasons explained below, it did not. 17 B. Unreasonable Determination of the Facts 18 The state habeas court’s determination that “all exculpatory 19 evidence [was] furnished to the defense” was clear factual error. The 20 prosecution never disclosed to Lewis or to defense counsel either 21 prior to or during trial that Raucci had coached Ruiz on the 29 No. 14 193 pr 1 testimony he ultimately gave at trial, that Ruiz was parroting what 2 Raucci told him, or that he was doing so because Raucci said he 3 would let him go. Nothing in the record supports a finding to the 4 contrary. The fact that the information to which Sweeney testified 5 had not been provided to the prosecution at the time of trial is of no 6 import. The State’s failure to disclose exculpatory evidence, 7 including impeachment evidence, in its possession constitutes a 8 Brady violation, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the 9 prosecution, Brady, 373 U.S. at 87, and regardless of whether the 10 information is known only by the police and not the prosecutor, see 11 Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 437 38 (1995); see also United States v. 12 Triumph Capital Grp., Inc., 544 F.3d 149, 161 (2d Cir. 2008). Moreover, 13 Judge Blue concluded that Sweeney was a credible witness,7 see 14 Morant v. State, No. 398736, 2000 WL 804695, at *9 (Conn. Super. Ct. 15 June 5, 2000) aff d, 68 Conn. App. 137 (2002), and the state habeas 16 court never questioned Sweeney’s credibility. Thus, Lewis has 17 rebutted the presumption in favor of the state habeas court’s After the federal habeas hearing, Judge Haight reached the same conclusion. See Lewis, 975 F. Supp. 2d at 194. 7 30 No. 14 193 pr 1 findings by “clear and convincing evidence.” See Bierenbaum, 607 2 F.3d at 48. 3 The State argues that as a “corollary” to its finding that all 4 exculpatory information had been provided to the defense, the state 5 habeas court determined that Sweeney’s testimony was not 6 exculpatory. Nothing in the state habeas court’s decision supports 7 the State’s argument, and we do not owe AEDPA deference to 8 speculation that the state habeas court reached that conclusion. See 9 Boyette, 246 F.3d at 91. 10 In any event, the state habeas court plainly based its decision 11 on an unreasonable determination of the facts. The state habeas 12 court found that Raucci only provided Ruiz with “insignificant” 13 details. Lewis, 2001 WL 1203354, at *2. But Sweeney’s testimony is 14 replete with evidence showing that Raucci supplied Ruiz with, in 15 Sweeney’s words, “the whole case,” S.A. 317, and told Ruiz to say 16 that “he was present with the two individuals, Scott Lewis and 17 Stefon Morant,” S.A. 460. The state habeas decision also notably 18 failed to reference the evidence that Ruiz not only denied having 31 No. 14 193 pr 1 any knowledge of the murders three different times, but that after 2 implicating Lewis in the murders, Ruiz told Sweeney the 3 inculpatory account was false and that he was lying to protect 4 himself. In failing to note, much less consider, these key facts, the 5 state habeas court based its decision on an unreasonable 6 determination of the facts. See, e.g., Menefee, 391 F.3d at 164; Milke, 7 711 F.3d at 1010. Given that Lewis has satisfied AEDPA’s substantive 8 9 10 predicates, we finally turn to the merits of his Brady claim. III. Section 2254(a): The Merits of Lewis’s Brady Claim 11 There are three components of a Brady violation: “The 12 evidence at issue must be favorable to the accused, either because it 13 is exculpatory, or because it is impeaching; that evidence must have 14 been suppressed by the State, either willfully or inadvertently; and 15 prejudice must have ensued.” Boyette, 246 F.3d at 89 (quoting 16 Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 281 82 (1999)). 17 18 We agree with Judge Haight’s thoughtful analysis of Lewis’s Brady claim, summarized as follows. 32 1 No. 14 193 pr A. Exculpatory Evidence 2 Sweeney’s testimony and the facts he revealed were clearly 3 favorable to Lewis. “Evidence is favorable to the accused if it either 4 tends to show the accused is not guilty or impeaches a prosecution 5 witness.” Boyette, 246 F.3d at 90 (citing Bagley, 473 U.S. at 676). 6 Ruiz the State’s key witness at trial repeatedly denied to the 7 police that he was at the murder site and that he knew anything 8 about the murders. His statement changed only after Raucci 9 provided critical details about the case, told Ruiz “that it was in his 10 best interest to tell what happened [and] give a detailed statement as 11 to his participation and also the other two,” S.A. 317, and promised 12 to “let [Ruiz] go” if he did so, S.A. 446. That evidence was “of a kind 13 that would suggest to any prosecutor that the defense would want 14 to know about it.” Leka v. Portuondo, 257 F.3d 89, 99 (2d Cir. 2001). 15 If defense counsel had known this information at trial, he 16 could have cross examined Ruiz regarding his prior inconsistent 17 statements and the extent to which Raucci coached him and induced 18 him to testify falsely. See Giglio, 405 U.S. at 154 55 (applying Brady to 33 No. 14 193 pr 1 material that can be used to impeach a prosecution witness). As the 2 district court concluded, Sweeney’s testimony was clearly 3 exculpatory under Brady or impeachment material under Giglio, if 4 not both. 5 6 7 8 9 B. Failure to disclose For the reasons explained above, the State plainly failed to disclose Brady evidence to the defense in Lewis’s case. C. Prejudice To establish prejudice, a plaintiff must show that the evidence 10 was material. Leka, 257 F.3d at 104 (quoting Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434). 11 “The touchstone of materiality is a reasonable probability of a 12 different result.” Id. (alteration omitted). As the Supreme Court has 13 explained: 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 The question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence. A ‘reasonable probability’ of a different result is accordingly shown when the government’s evidentiary suppression ‘undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial.’ Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434 (quoting Bagley, 473 U.S. at 678). 34 No. 14 193 pr At trial, no witness other than Ruiz directly implicated Lewis 1 2 in the murders,8 and the State did not introduce any forensic or eye 3 witness testimony against Lewis. As a result, Ruiz’s testimony was 4 critical to the State’s obtaining a conviction. 5 Sweeney provided credible evidence that Ruiz simply 6 parroted information supplied by an unscrupulous police officer. 7 Sweeney’s testimony thoroughly undermines Ruiz’s credibility and 8 thus any reasonable confidence in the outcome of the trial. See Kyles, 9 514 U.S. at 434. Accordingly, the State’s failure to disclose the 10 evidence relating to Ruiz’s interrogation prejudiced Lewis and 11 deprived him of his Constitutional right to a fair trial. CONCLUSION 12 13 For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the District Court’s 14 order granting Lewis’s petition for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. 15 § 2254. The only other witness who offered any testimony connecting Lewis to the murders, Jose Roque, recanted prior to trial and insisted that Raucci had coached him on what to say in his statement. S.A. 187 188. Significantly, at Lewis’s trial, Roque also testified that Raucci told him that Raucci “wanted to put Scott Lewis away.” S.A. 193. 8
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