Peconic Baykeeper, Inc. v. Suffolk County, No. 09-0097 (2d Cir. 2010)

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09-0097-cv Peconic Baykeeper, Inc. v. Suffolk County 1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 ________________ 4 August Term, 2009 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 (Argued: December 15, 2009 Decided: March 30, 2010) Docket No. 09-0097-cv ________________ PECONIC BAYKEEPER, INC., KEVIN MCALLISTER , ALFRED CHIOFOLO , Plaintiffs-Appellants, Bv.B SUFFOLK COUNTY , SUFFOLK COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, DIVISION OF VECTOR CONTROL, Defendants-Appellees. ________________ Before : CABRANES, PARKER, Circuit Judges, AND CASTEL, District Judge.* ________________ Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern 30 District of New York (Arthur D. Spatt, Judge) upholding the defendants mosquito-control 31 activities as lawful under the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1251, et seq. The judgment of the 32 district court is vacated insofar as it held that the defendants spraying activities were 33 __________________________ 34 35 * The Honorable P. Kevin Castel, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation. 1 uniformly in compliance with the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, 7 U.S.C. § 2 136, et seq.; vacated insofar as it held, in the alternative, that the trucks and helicopters used to 3 spray the pesticides were not point sources for the purposes of the CWA; and affirmed insofar 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 as it held that the County s dredging activities did not violate the CWA. _______________ 20 Division of Vector Control (collectively, the County ) employ various measures to combat the 21 spread of mosquito-borne illnesses, including the use of pesticides intended to kill adult 22 mosquitoes in mid-flight. Plaintiffs Peconic Baykeeper, Inc., Kevin McAllister and Alfred 23 Chiofolo contend that the County has violated the Clean Water Act (the CWA ), 33 U.S.C. 24 § 1251, et seq., in its application of certain pesticides, and, separately, its dredging of mosquito 25 ditches. Plaintiffs, who commenced this action under the CWA s citizen-suit provision, 33 26 U.S.C. § 1365(a)(1), sought declaratory and injunctive relief, as well as civil penalties to be paid 27 to the United States Treasury. Following a six-day bench trial, the district court found that the 28 disputed mosquito-control activities were lawful under the CWA. Judgment was entered for the 29 defendants, and plaintiffs now appeal. 30 31 DANIEL E. ESTRIN , Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic, Inc., White Plains, NY (Matthew R. Atkinson, Atkinson & Heffron LLP, of counsel) for Plaintiffs-Appellants. CHRISTOPHER A. JEFFREYS, Assistant Suffolk County Attorney (Christine Malfi, Suffolk County Attorney, on the brief) Suffolk County Attorney s Office, Hauppage, NY for Defendants-Appellees. ________________ CASTEL, District Judge: Defendants Suffolk County and the Suffolk County Department of Public Works, For the reasons stated below, we affirm in part on an alternate ground not reached by the district court, vacate the judgment in part, and remand to the district court for further 2 1 proceedings consistent with this opinion. 2 Background 3 We begin by surveying the origins of the County s mosquito-control efforts. In 4 1993, the County found a presence of mosquito-borne disease for the first time in 75 years. 5 There have since been approximately thirty reported cases of mosquito-transmitted illness in the 6 County, four of which resulted in death. West Nile Virus is the County s most common 7 mosquito-borne illness, but there have been instances of malaria transmittal, including the 8 infection of two children in 1999. Officials also feared an outbreak of Eastern Equine 9 Encephalitis, a rare disease with high fatality rates that is known to be carried by mosquitoes in 10 the northeastern United States. The rise in mosquito-borne illnesses prompted the New York 11 State Commissioner of Health to declare a public health threat in Suffolk County in 1994, 1996 12 and 1999-2006. 13 Mosquitoes generally breed in stagnant waters, such as marsh areas. The County 14 has employed different tactics to curb the mosquito population. It has used numerous pesticides, 15 including two marketed under the brand names Scourge and Anvil. The County sprayed 16 Scourge and Anvil in ultra-low volume ( ULV ) aerosol mists through apparatuses attached to 17 trucks and helicopters. When sprayed in ULV form, Scourge and Anvil create a fog cloud that 18 envelops and kills mosquitoes. 19 The labels for Scourge and Anvil were approved by the Environmental Protection 20 Agency (the EPA ) pursuant to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act 21 ( FIFRA ), 7 U.S.C. § 136, et seq., which is the statutory regime governing the labeling and use 22 of pesticides. Under the heading Environmental Hazards, Scourge s label states in part: 23 This pesticide is highly toxic to fish. For terrestrial uses, do not apply directly to 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 water, to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Drift and runoff from treated sites may be hazardous to fish in adjacent waters. Consult your State s Fish and Wildlife Agency before treating such waters. As to ULV applications, the Scourge label states: Spray parks, campsites, woodlands, athletic 7 fields, golf courses, swamps, tidal marshes, residential areas and municipalities around the 8 outside of apartment buildings, restaurants, stores and warehouses. Do not spray on cropland, 9 feed or foodstuffs. Avoid direct application over lakes, ponds and streams. As understood by 10 the County, the phrase [a]void direct application over when used in reference to ponds and 11 streams requires the County to turn off ULV jets when aircraft fly above bodies of fresh water. 12 The Anvil label contains similar restrictions against applications directly to water, or to areas 13 where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark, and also 14 allows spraying in, among other areas, swamps and marshes. 15 In carrying out its mosquito-control measures, the County is under the oversight 16 of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (the DEC ), an agency with 17 EPA-delegated authority to enforce the CWA in the state. N.Y. Envir. Conserv. L. § 17-0801 18 (authorizing New York State to issue CWA permits); 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b) (authorizing approved 19 states to issue CWA permits). As part of its CWA enforcement powers, the DEC issues State 20 Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( SPDES ) permits. N.Y. Envir. Conserv. L. § 17- 21 0701. In authorizing the discharge of a pollutant, an SPDES permit is equivalent to a National 22 Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES ) permit issued by the EPA pursuant to the 23 CWA. See 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311(a), 1342(b). 24 25 The DEC reviewed and approved maps delineating the area to be sprayed by the County. The DEC also gave the County guidance as to whether it was required to receive an 4 1 SPDES permit prior to spraying, or whether the pesticide application was exempt from the 2 CWA s permitting requirement. The DEC advised the County that so long as its spraying 3 complied with the FIFRA label, the CWA did not require issuance of an SPDES permit prior to 4 the application of pesticides. The DEC reached this conclusion as early as 2001, and directed the 5 County accordingly. The EPA later codified the principle that an application of pesticides 6 consistent with FIFRA labeling did not constitute the discharge of a pollutant, and therefore did 7 not violate the CWA, first through an Interim Statement, 68 Fed. Reg. 48,385 (Aug. 13, 2003), 8 and then in a Final Rule, 40 C.F.R. § 122.3(h). 9 The district court found that the County s application of Scourge and Anvil fully 10 conformed with the FIFRA labeling. It held that FIFRA-compliant spraying activity did not 11 amount to the discharge of a pollutant into navigable waters from a point source, and therefore 12 did not violate the CWA. See 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311(a), 1362(12). The district court also held that 13 the spraying activity was consistent with the CWA because the application of pesticides via 14 spray jets attached to trucks and helicopters did not amount to discharge from a point source, 15 as that phrase is defined in the statute. 16 Separate from the ULV administration of pesticides, the County also maintains a 17 network of mosquito ditches, the purpose of which is to drain surface waters from marshlands 18 and thereby reduce mosquito breeding grounds. Originally constructed in the 1930s, the 19 County s grid of mosquito ditches also provide a habitat for native fish species, such as killies, 20 that eat mosquito larvae. Plaintiffs contended that certain of the County s dredging activities, 21 purportedly undertaken in an effort to maintain the ditches, discharged dredged matter such as 22 silt and foliage into the waters, and did not fall within the CWA s permitting exemption for the 23 maintenance of drainage ditches as set forth at 33 U.S.C. § 1344(f)(1)(C). They also asserted 5 1 that the County dug new maintenance ditches, so that the dredging activities brought an area of 2 navigable waters into a use to which it was not previously subject, triggering the statute s 3 recapture provision and requiring an SPDES. 33 U.S.C. § 1344(f)(2). 4 The district court held that the mosquito ditches constituted drainage ditches 5 under the CWA, and rejected testimony, in part on credibility grounds, that the defendants were 6 dredging new ditches. As a result, the district court concluded that the County s ditch- 7 maintenance activities were exempt from the SPDES permitting requirement, and that the 8 County did not run afoul of the statute s recapture provision, which removes the availability of 9 the . . . exemption when an area of navigable waters is brought into a new use. 33 U.S.C. 10 §§ 1344(f)(1)(C) & (f)(2); June v. Town of Westfield, NY, 370 F.3d 255, 258 n.3 (2d Cir. 2004). 11 Standard of Review 12 We review a district court s findings of fact following a non-jury trial under a 13 clearly erroneous standard. Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(6); Ceraso v. Motiva Enters., LLC, 326 F.3d 14 303, 316 (2d Cir. 2003). A district court s application of law to the facts is reviewed de novo. 15 Henry v. Champlain Enters., 445 F.3d 610, 617-18 (2d Cir. 2006). 16 Discussion 17 I. The Lawfulness of the County s Spraying of Pesticides. 18 A. FIFRA-Compliant Spraying. 19 Because the district court based its holding principally on the conclusion that the 20 County s spraying activities complied with FIFRA and therefore were lawful under the CWA, 21 we begin by reviewing the two statutes. 22 23 FIFRA functions as a comprehensive scheme to regulate the use, sale and labeling, of pesticides partly through EPA registration of the substances, including review, 6 1 suspension and cancellation of registration. N.Y. State Pesticide Coal., Inc. v. Jorling, 874 F.2d 2 115, 117 (2d Cir. 1989). Under FIFRA, it is unlawful to use any registered pesticide in a 3 manner inconsistent with its labeling. 7 U.S.C. § 136j(a)(2)(G). The EPA has had authority 4 over implementation of FIFRA s label-registration process since 1970. See Bates v. Dow 5 Agrosciences L.L.C., 544 U.S. 431, 437 (2005). 6 The EPA also has authority over the implementation of the CWA. 33 U.S.C. 7 § 1251(d). Enacted by Congress in 1972, the CWA s purpose is to restore and maintain the 8 chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation s waters. 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a). It 9 prohibits the discharge of any pollutant by any person, unless done in compliance with a 10 provision of the statute. 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a). The phrase discharge of a pollutant is defined to 11 mean any addition of any pollutant to navigable waters from any point source. 33 U.S.C. 12 § 1362(12). The word pollutant, in turn, is defined as including chemical wastes. 33 U.S.C. 13 § 1362(6). The CWA does not define the phrase chemical wastes. 14 The statute s prohibition against the addition of a pollutant into navigable waters 15 is qualified by the EPA s power to issue NPDES permits. See 33 U.S.C. § 1342(a). Section 16 1342(a)(1) authorizes the EPA to issue a permit for the discharge of any pollutant, or 17 combination of pollutants, notwithstanding section 1311(a) of this Title, subject to a public 18 hearing and certain other conditions. It also grants the EPA power to allow states to implement 19 their own CWA permitting regimes. 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b). In the State of New York, an SPDES 20 permit issued by the DEC has the same force as an NPDES permit issued by the EPA. See 21 Catskill Mountains Chapter of Trout Unlimited, Inc. v. City of New York, 273 F.3d 481, 486 (2d 22 Cir. 2001) ( In New York, the NPDES program is administered by NYSDEC and referred to as 23 the State Pollution Discharge Elimination System ( SPDES ). ). 7 1 In 2003, the EPA issued its Interim Statement attempting to give guidance on 2 FIFRA compliance and NPDES permitting. The Interim Statement concluded that a label- 3 compliant application of pesticides to control pests that are present over waters of the United 4 States that results in a portion of the pesticides being deposited to waters does not require an 5 NPDES permit. 68 Fed. Reg. at 48387. It reasoned that pursuant to FIFRA, the EPA is charged 6 with considering whether a pesticide will perform its intended function without having an 7 unreasonably adverse effect on the environment. Id. The Interim Statement noted that the CWA 8 defines chemical wastes as one category of pollutant, but concluded that FIFRA-approved 9 pesticides applied according to their labeling cannot constitute chemical wastes because they 10 are EPA-evaluated products designed, purchased and applied to perform their intended purpose 11 of controlling target organisms in the environment. 68 Fed. Reg. at 48388. 12 The reasoning of the Interim Statement was formally adopted by the EPA in 13 2005, when it issued the Final Rule. The Final Rule stated in relevant part that an NPDES 14 permit was not required for [t]he application of pesticides consistent with all relevant 15 requirements under FIFRA (i.e., those relevant to protecting water quality) . . . . 40 C.F.R. 16 § 122.3(h). As an example, the Final Rule cited the following as an instance of FIFRA- 17 compliant spraying that would not require an NPDES permit: 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 The application of pesticides to control pests that are present over waters of the United States, including near such waters, where a portion of the pesticides will unavoidably be deposited to waters of the United States in order to target the pests effectively; for example, when insecticides are aerially applied to a forest canopy where waters of the United States may be present below the canopy or when pesticides are applied over or near water for control of adult mosquitoes or other pests. Id. § 122.3(h)(2). Less than two months after judgment was entered by the district court in this case, 8 1 the Sixth Circuit vacated the EPA s Final Rule as contrary to the text of the CWA. Nat l Cotton 2 Council of Am. v. E.P.A., 553 F.3d 927 (6th Cir. 2009). The petitioners in National Cotton 3 Council included plaintiff Peconic Baykeeper, Inc., whose timely petition to this Court was 4 consolidated by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation with petitions pending in the Sixth 5 Circuit. Id. at 932 & n.3. In vacating the EPA s Final Rule, the Sixth Circuit held that the 6 application of pesticides above or near waterways that leave excess or residual 7 pesticide in navigable waters meets the CWA s definition of chemical waste. Id. at 936-37. 8 For this, among other reasons, the Sixth Circuit concluded that the Final Rule was contrary to the 9 CWA s text and must be vacated. Id. at 940. 10 After the Sixth Circuit ruled in National Cotton Council, the EPA moved to stay 11 the mandate. It argued, among other things, that immediate issuance of a mandate vacating the 12 Final Rule would be unduly disruptive to state and federal permitting authorities and would 13 trigger a rash of citizen suits. The Sixth Circuit granted the EPA s motion, and stayed issuance 14 of the mandate until April 9, 2011. Case No. 06-4630 (6th Cir. June 8, 2009). The EPA has 15 publicly announced that it plans, before the ruling takes effect (April 9, 2011), to issue a final 16 general NPDES permit for covered pesticide applications, and to help develop new state-level 17 permitting plans. See National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Court Grants 18 EPA 2-Year Stay, http://cfpub.epa.gov/NPDES/HOME.CFM?PROGRAM_ID=41 (last visited 19 Mar. 29, 2010). The EPA has not sought further review of the National Cotton Council ruling, 20 and the Supreme Court has denied petitions for certiorari filed by certain industry intervenors. 21 See CropLife Am. v. Baykeeper, 78 U.S.L.W. 3479 (U.S. Feb. 22, 2010) (No. 09-533); Am. 22 Farm Bureau Fed n v. Baykeeper, 78 U.S.L.W. 3479 (U.S. Feb. 22, 2010) (No. 09-547). 23 We express no views on the reasoning of National Cotton Council. However, in 9 1 light of the Sixth Circuit s stay of mandate, the Final Rule remains in force through April 9, 2 2011. Therefore, if the EPA adheres to its expressed intent, then by April 9, 2011, the EPA and 3 state authorities will have implemented a new permitting framework for the application of 4 pesticides. In the interim, the application of pesticides consistent with the Final Rule remains 5 lawful. 6 In the district court, plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment that the County s 7 spraying of pesticides violated the CWA, 33 U.S.C. §§ 1311, 1342. The Declaratory Judgment 8 Act confers on federal courts unique and substantial discretion in deciding whether to declare 9 the rights of litigants. Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 286 (1995); 28 U.S.C. 10 § 2201(a) ( Any court may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party . . . 11 . ) (emphasis added). The propriety of issuing a declaratory judgment may depend upon 12 equitable considerations and is also informed by the teachings and experience concerning the 13 functions and extent of federal judicial power. Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 72 (1985) 14 (citation and quotation marks omitted). Among the relevant considerations in exercising 15 discretion is whether the judgment will serve a useful purpose in clarifying or settling the legal 16 issues involved. Duane Reade, Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 411 F.3d 384, 389 (2d 17 Cir. 2005). 18 Equitable considerations counsel against declaring the rights of the parties as to 19 past spraying in compliance with the EPA s interim guidance and its Final Rule. Spraying that 20 occurs prior to expiration of the Sixth Circuit s stay of mandate, and is consistent with the EPA- 21 approved FIFRA labeling, remains in compliance with the Final Rule. Once the stay of mandate 22 expires, a yet-to-be finalized CWA permitting system will govern the application of pesticides. 23 Similarly, because the stay of mandate maintains the status quo, and the EPA has expressed the 10 1 intent to establish a nationwide permitting process, injunctive relief is unnecessary to prevent the 2 alleged ongoing or future violations. See Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, 456 U.S. 305, 316 3 (1982) (CWA does not require injunctive relief, and permits courts to contemplate[ ] the 4 exercise of discretion and balancing of equities in crafting injunctive relief). Because 5 defendants FIFRA-compliant spraying is not contrary to governing regulatory standards, there 6 likewise is no basis to impose civil penalties pursuant to the relevant CWA provision, 33 U.S.C. 7 § 1319(d). See Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 8 185-86 (2000) (upon a finding of violation, CWA civil penalties are levied to enforce immediate 9 compliance and deter future violations). 10 This does not, however, end our review of the district court s findings with 11 respect to the County s spraying activities made in purported compliance with FIFRA. Although 12 the record indicates that the defendants application of pesticides was, in the main, consistent 13 with the EPA-approved FIFRA label, it also reveals instances of aerial spraying over creeks. 14 Such spraying may have been contrary to the relevant FIFRA labeling of Scourge and Anvil, 15 which respectively forbid direct application over lakes, ponds and streams or areas where 16 surface water is present . . . . The district court acknowledged the existence of evidence that the 17 County may have sprayed above various creeks, but did not adequately explain the basis for its 18 finding that the County fully complied with the pesticides label instructions. 19 Not all spraying activity above or near water is at variance with the FIFRA 20 labeling. For instance, spraying above the mean high water mark of a coastline is permissible 21 under the labeling of Anvil. Scourge allows for application as a mosquito adulticide in . . . 22 swamps [and] tidal marshes . . . . The district court also heard testimony that pursuant to DEC 23 guidance, the County operated with different restrictions for spraying activities in or around tidal 11 1 wetlands, as opposed to freshwater wetlands. It also may be that the creeks identified in the 2 record are not bodies of water covered by the labeling because, for example, they may be 3 classified as tidal marshes. 1 Because the district court did not explain the basis for its 4 conclusion that all spraying was in compliance with the FIFRA label, the judgment of the district 5 court is vacated insofar as it held that the County s spraying activities were uniformly in 6 compliance with the FIFRA requirements, and the case is remanded for further factfinding. The 7 district court may, in the exercise of discretion, allow the trial record to be reopened. 8 B. The District Court s Alternate Holding as to Point Sources. 9 As an independent basis for finding all spraying activities lawful under the CWA, 10 the district court concluded that the County s spray applicators attached to trucks and helicopters 11 were not point sources. The district court reasoned that because the trucks and helicopters 12 discharged pesticides into the air, any discharge was indirect, and thus not from a point source. 13 We disagree. Under the CWA, a point source is defined as any discernable, 14 confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any . . . container, rolling stock 15 . . . or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. 33 U.S.C. 16 § 1362(14). The definition of a point source is to be broadly interpreted and embrac[es] 17 the broadest possible definition of any identifiable conveyance from which pollutants might 18 enter waters of the United States. Cordiano v. Metacon Gun Club, Inc., 575 F.3d 199, 219 (2d 19 Cir. 2009) (quoting Dague v. City of Burlington, 935 F.2d 1343, 1354-55 (2d Cir. 1991)); see 20 also Concerned Area Residents for Env t v. Southview Farm, 34 F.3d 114, 118-19 (2d Cir. 1994) 21 (a truck with attached manure spreader qualified as rolling stock or a container and therefore 1 The definition of creek includes [a] narrow recess or inlet in the coast-line of the sea, as well as any narrow arm or corner of the sea. 3 Oxford English Dictionary 1142 (2d ed. 1989). 12 1 was a point source ); League of Wilderness Defenders v. Forsgren, 309 F.3d 1181, 1185 (9th 2 Cir. 2002) (the CWA s definition of point source encompasses an aircraft equipped with tanks 3 spraying pesticide from mechanical sprayers directly over covered waters. ). Here, the spray 4 apparatus was attached to trucks and helicopters, and was the source of the discharge. The 5 pesticides were discharged from the source, and not from the air. The word from is defined 6 to indicate a starting point, and also denotes the source or original or moving force of 7 something . . . . Webster s Third International Dictionary Unabridged 913 (2002). The district 8 court s conclusion that the pesticides were not discharged from a point source was in error. 9 10 II. The Lawfulness of the County s Dredging Activities. Separate and apart from the County s use of pesticides, the plaintiffs challenged 11 the County s dredging of its mosquito ditches. Dredged spoil is one category of pollutants 12 recognized in the CWA. 33 U.S.C. § 1362(6). Unless otherwise excepted, their discharge into 13 navigable waters requires an NPDES permit. 33 U.S.C. § 1311(a). However, the CWA sets 14 forth categories of [n]on-prohibited discharge of dredged or fill material. 33 U.S.C. § 1344(f). 15 This includes materials dredged for the maintenance of drainage ditches. 33 U.S.C. 16 § 1344(f)(1)(C). 17 The district court concluded that the County s activities as to mosquito ditches, 18 which were dug in the 1930s to drain water from wetlands in order to reduce mosquito breeding 19 grounds, were lawful under the CWA and did not require a permit. The district court found that 20 [t]he purpose of the ditches originally was to reduce mosquito production both by draining off 21 surface water and by introducing fish into the areas where mosquitoes would breed. It held that 22 the mosquito ditches were therefore drainage ditches, and that no credible evidence supported 23 plaintiffs contention that the County created new mosquito ditches. This finding, based in part 13 1 on an assessment of witness credibility, was not clearly erroneous. Because the CWA 2 establishes a permit exemption for the maintenance of drainage ditches, and the ditches had as 3 their purpose the draining of surface waters, we agree with the district court that the County s 4 maintenance activities were exempt from the CWA s permit requirements. 33 U.S.C. 5 § 1344(f)(1)(C). The record also supports the conclusion that the County s activities did not 6 bring[] an area of the navigable waters into a use to which it was not previously subject, and 7 thus did not fall within the CWA s recapture provision, which would require an SPDES permit 8 for areas of navigable waters brought into new use. 33 U.S.C. § 1344(f)(2); June, 370 F.3d at 9 258 n.3. 10 Plaintiffs also challenged work performed in 2000 at one location, the William 11 Floyd Estate, contending that it included the digging of new ditches. The record indicates that 12 the DEC issued a notice of violation for this work. The district court found as a fact that the 13 work at the William Floyd Estate was performed pursuant to permits issued by the DEC and 14 Army Corps of Engineers. At trial, the district court heard testimony of a County employee who 15 testified that the work occurred pursuant to a nationwide permit from the Army Corps of 16 Engineers, and that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service sponsored the project and obtained 17 necessary permits. The district court s finding was not clearly erroneous. 18 Conclusion 19 For the reasons stated above, we hold as follows: 20 (1) We VACATE the judgment of the district court insofar as it held that the 21 22 23 County s spraying activities were uniformly in compliance with the FIFRA requirements; (2) We VACATE the judgment of the district court insofar as it held, in the alternative, that the trucks and helicopters used to spray the pesticides were not point sources 14 1 for the purposes of the CWA; and 2 3 (3) We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court insofar as it held that the County s dredging activities did not violate the CWA. 4 5 Any appeal from a subsequently entered final judgment should be referred to this panel. 15

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