United States v. Gundy, No. 14-12113 (11th Cir. 2016)
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Defendant was convicted of being a felon in possession of firearms and was sentenced to 288 months in prison. The district court determined that defendant was an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act (ACCA), 18 U.S.C. 924(e), because he had at least three prior Georgia burglary convictions, each of which qualified as a predicate “violent felony” under the enumerated crimes provision of the ACCA. The court concluded that defendant's state court indictments make clear that defendant's Georgia burglary convictions involved these three elements: (1) an unlawful entry (2) into a dwelling house or building (3) with intent to commit a crime therein. The court explained that these elements substantially conform to the generic definition of burglary. Therefore, the court concluded that defendant's prior Georgia burglary convictions qualify as violent felonies under the ACCA’s enumerated crimes clause. Because the district court did not err in sentencing defendant as an armed career criminal, the court affirmed the judgment.
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Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 1 of 73 [PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________ No. 14-12113 ________________________ D.C. Docket No. 3:13-cr-00004-DHB-BKE-1 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, versus NATHAN E. GUNDY, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Georgia ________________________ (November 23, 2016) Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 2 of 73 Before HULL and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and CONWAY, * District Judge. HULL, Circuit Judge: Defendant Nathan E. Gundy appeals his conviction and 288-month sentence for being a convicted felon in possession of firearms. The district court determined that Gundy was an armed career criminal under the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e), because he had at least three prior Georgia burglary convictions, each of which qualified as a predicate “violent felony” under the enumerated crimes provision of the ACCA. On appeal, Gundy challenges his designation as an armed career criminal under § 924(e). After review of the record and with the benefit of oral argument, we affirm Gundy’s conviction and sentence. I. BACKGROUND In December 2013, a jury found Gundy guilty on one count of being a convicted felon in possession of firearms, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2), and 924(e). The Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”) recommended a base offense level of 24, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1. The PSI recommended (1) a 2-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(1)(A) because the offense involved three * Honorable Anne C. Conway, United States District Judge, for the Middle District of Florida, sitting by designation. 2 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 3 of 73 firearms, 1 (2) a 2-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4)(A) because the firearms Gundy possessed were stolen, and (3) a 4-level increase under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) because Gundy possessed the firearms in connection with another felony offense. These increases yielded an adjusted offense level of 32. Gundy had numerous prior felony convictions, 17 criminal history points, and a criminal history category of VI, even without a § 924(e) enhancement. Gundy’s offense level of 32 and criminal history category of VI would have yielded an advisory guidelines range of 210 to 262 months. Without a § 924(e) enhancement, Gundy’s statutory maximum penalty would have been 120 months’ imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(2). The PSI, however, reported that Gundy was an armed career criminal under § 924(e) because he was previously convicted of seven burglary offenses in Georgia, namely: (1) a 2001 conviction for one count of burglary, (2) another 2001 conviction for four counts of burglary, each of which occurred on a separate occasion, (3) a 2005 conviction for one count of burglary, and (4) a 2006 conviction for one count of burglary. Gundy had pled guilty to each of those Georgia burglary offenses. The PSI provided that Gundy had other Georgia convictions for forgery, possession of cocaine, possession of marijuana, entering an automobile, and theft by taking. 1 The three firearms were: (1) an FIE, Model E22, .22 caliber pistol, (2) a Smith and Wesson, Model 36, .38 caliber revolver, and (3) a Jimenez, Model J.A. Nine, 9mm caliber pistol. 3 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 4 of 73 Due to his status as an armed career criminal under § 924(e), Gundy’s offense level increased from 32 to 34 under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A). With a total offense level of 34 and a criminal history category of VI, Gundy’s advisory guidelines range was 262 to 327 months’ imprisonment. Gundy’s status as an armed career criminal under § 924(e) raised his statutory range of imprisonment to 15 years to life, rather than zero to 10 years. As to the PSI, Gundy objected to the 2-level increase for possessing stolen firearms and the 4-level increase for possessing firearms in connection with another felony. He also objected to his designation as an armed career criminal on the ground that only two of his burglary convictions involved the burglary of a residence. According to Gundy, only “burglary of a residence” qualifies as a “violent felony” under the ACCA, and, therefore, he did not have the requisite three violent felony convictions to qualify as an armed career criminal. At the April 2014 sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Gundy’s objection to the 2-level increase for possessing stolen firearms, but sustained Gundy’s objection to the 4-level increase for possessing the firearms in connection with another felony. The district court also overruled Gundy’s objection to his designation as an armed career criminal. The district court expressly deferred to the reasoning of the probation officer set forth in an addendum to the PSI. In that addendum, the 4 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 5 of 73 probation officer concluded that Gundy was an armed career criminal because the charging documents in each of Gundy’s burglary convictions “reveal[ed] that each of those offenses [met] the elements of generic burglary (i.e., [Gundy] unlawfully entered a building or structure with the intent to commit a theft”). Because the district court sustained Gundy’s objection to the 4-level increase, Gundy’s total offense level became 33 under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b). With a total offense level of 33 and a criminal history category of VI, Gundy’s advisory guidelines range was 235 to 293 months’ imprisonment. After considering the advisory guidelines range and the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), the district court sentenced Gundy to 288 months’ imprisonment. Gundy appealed his conviction and sentence. Gundy makes several arguments challenging the validity of his § 922(g) conviction. After our review of the record, we find that all of Gundy’s arguments are without merit and affirm Gundy’s conviction. The only remaining issue is a sentencing one—whether the district court erred in concluding that Gundy’s prior Georgia burglary convictions qualified as violent felonies under the ACCA. Whether a particular conviction is a violent felony for purposes of the ACCA is a question of law we consider de novo. United States v. Canty, 570 F.3d 1251, 1254 (11th Cir. 2009). 5 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 6 of 73 II. THE ACCA A felon in possession of a firearm who has at least three prior convictions “for a violent felony or a serious drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one another,” is subject to an enhanced statutory penalty under the ACCA. 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). The ACCA defines the term “violent felony” as any crime punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year that: (i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another; or (ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another. Id. § 924(e)(2)(B). The first prong of this definition is sometimes referred to as the “elements clause,” while the second prong contains the “enumerated crimes” and, finally, what is commonly called the “residual clause.” 2 United States v. Owens, 672 F.3d 966, 968 (11th Cir. 2012). This case involves the enumerated crimes clause, which defines “violent felony,” in part, as “burglary, arson, or extortion” and crimes that “involve[] use of explosives.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). In listing these crimes in § 924(e)(2), Congress referred only to the “generic” versions of those enumerated crimes. See 2 On June 26, 2015, the United States Supreme Court held that the residual clause of the ACCA is unconstitutionally vague. Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2557-58, 2563 (2015). Accordingly, we do not consider whether Gundy’s Georgia burglary convictions would alternatively qualify as violent felonies under the residual clause. 6 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 7 of 73 Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598, 110 S. Ct. 2143, 2158 (1990). Further, an enumerated crime counts as an ACCA violent felony if its elements are the same as, or narrower than, those of the generic offense. See id. at 599, 110 S. Ct. at 2158. III. DISCUSSION A. Elements-Based Analysis of a Prior Crime The United States Supreme Court most recently articulated how to interpret and apply the ACCA’s enumerated crimes provision in Mathis v. United States, 579 U.S. ___, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016). In Mathis, the Supreme Court recognized that its opinion in Taylor “set out the essential rule governing ACCA cases more than a quarter century ago,” which is that “[a]ll that counts under the [ACCA] . . . are the elements of the statute of conviction.” Mathis, 579 U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 2251 (quotation marks omitted). “That simple point became a mantra” in the Supreme Court’s subsequent ACCA decisions. Id. Indeed, the Supreme Court in Mathis pointed out that this “essential rule” has governed all of its ACCA decisions since Taylor: At the risk of repetition (perhaps downright tedium), here are some examples. In Shepard : ACCA “refers to predicate offenses in terms not of prior conduct but of prior ‘convictions’ and the ‘element[s]’ of crimes.” 544 U.S., at 19, 125 S.Ct. 1254 (alteration in original). In James v. United States : “[W]e have avoided any inquiry into the underlying facts of [the defendant’s] particular offense, and have looked solely to the elements of [burglary] as defined by [state] law.” 550 U.S. 192, 214, 127 S.Ct. 1586, 167 L.Ed.2d 532 (2007). In Sykes 7 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 8 of 73 v. United States : “[W]e consider [only] the elements of the offense [,] without inquiring into the specific conduct of this particular offender.” 564 U.S. 1, 7, 131 S.Ct. 2267, 180 L.Ed.2d 60 (2011) (quoting James, 550 U.S., at 202, 127 S.Ct. 1586; emphasis in original). And most recently (and tersely) in Descamps: “The key [under ACCA] is elements, not facts.” 570 U.S., at ___, 133 S.Ct., at 2283. Id. at 2251-52. Mathis thus drove home the point that focusing on the elements of the statute of conviction is, and always has been, the essential principle governing ACCA cases: “For more than 25 years, we have repeatedly made clear that application of ACCA involves, and involves only, comparing elements.” Id. at 2257. Mathis also instructs that “[t]he comparison of elements . . . is straightforward when a statute sets out a single (or ‘indivisible’) set of elements to define a single crime.” Id. at 2248. In such cases, the court simply “lines up that crime’s elements alongside those of the generic offense and sees if they match.” Id. This is known as the “categorical approach.” See id. at 2248. Mathis notes, however, that some criminal statutes do not set out a single crime but “have a more complicated (sometimes called ‘divisible’) structure.” Id. In fact, “[a] single statute may list elements in the alternative, and thereby define multiple crimes.” Id. at 2249. If the statute sets out multiple crimes, it is “divisible.” See id. Faced with a “divisible” statute, courts must identify which crime in the statute formed the basis of the defendant’s conviction. See id. The Mathis Court stressed that “[t]o address that need, this Court approved the 8 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 9 of 73 ‘modified categorical approach’ for use with statutes having multiple alternative elements.” Id. Under the modified categorical approach, “a sentencing court looks to a limited class of documents (for example, the indictment, jury instructions, or plea agreement and colloquy) to determine what crime, with what elements, a defendant was convicted of.” Id. Courts must then compare the elements of that identified crime to the elements of the relevant generic offense. See id. B. Disjunctive Phrasing Notably, the Supreme Court in Mathis explained more fully how courts should evaluate criminal statutes with “disjunctive phrasing.” Id. at 2249, 2253. Specifically, a state’s criminal statute may use terms like “or” that can signal either (1) the listing of alternative elements, thus creating multiple crimes, or (2) the listing of alternative means of committing a single offense with an indivisible set of elements. See id. at 2249. If the statute lists alternative “elements,” it is considered “divisible,” and courts may employ the modified categorical approach to determine the elements of the defendant’s conviction. Id. But if a statute merely lists “various factual means” of committing a single offense, then the statute is considered “indivisible,” and that indivisible set of elements will be the basis of the defendant’s conviction. See id. And if that indivisible statute “sweeps more broadly than the generic crime, a conviction under that law cannot count as an ACCA predicate, even if the 9 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 10 of 73 defendant actually committed the offense in its generic form.” Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 2283 (2013). In Mathis, the Supreme Court also instructed that “[t]he first task for a sentencing court faced with an alternatively phrased statute is . . . to determine whether its listed items are elements or means.” Mathis, 579 U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 2256. This determination—“elements or means?”—is a “threshold inquiry.” Id. Thus, in an enumerated crimes ACCA case involving a statute with disjunctive or alternative phrasing, courts must first determine (1) whether that statutory alternative phrasing lists multiple alternative elements, thereby creating multiple offenses in a divisible statutory structure, or (2) whether that statutory alternative phrasing merely lists various factual means of satisfying one or more of the statute’s otherwise indivisible set of elements. C. Elements or Means? More significantly though, the Supreme Court in Mathis added to its ACCA precedent by instructing courts how to discern “elements” from “means.” “Elements are the constituent parts of a crime’s legal definition—the things the prosecution must prove to sustain a conviction.” Id. at 2248 (quotation marks omitted). “At a trial, they are what the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt to convict the defendant; and at a plea hearing, they are what the defendant necessarily admits when he pleads guilty.” Id. at 2248. Facts and means, on the 10 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 11 of 73 other hand, “are mere real-world things—extraneous to the crime’s legal requirements.” Id. “They are circumstances or events having no legal effect or consequence . . . [and] need neither be found by a jury nor admitted by a defendant.” Id. (quotation marks and alterations omitted). The Supreme Court in Mathis enumerated several tools courts may use to determine whether a statute’s “listed items are elements or means” or, put another way, whether a statute is “divisible.” Id. at 2256. In doing so, the Supreme Court clarified when and how courts may look beyond the language of the statute, and may even go to parts of the state court record, to determine whether a statute lists alternative elements or alternative means. Id. at 2256-57. As one tool, the Supreme Court explained that “the statute on its face may resolve the issue.” Id. For example, “[i]f statutory alternatives carry different punishments, then under Apprendi they must be elements.” Id. “Conversely, if a statutory list is drafted to offer ‘illustrative examples,’ then it includes only a crime’s means of commission.” Id. (citing United States v. Howard, 742 F.3d 1334, 1348 (11th Cir. 2014)). Additionally, “a statute may itself identify which things must be charged (and so are elements) and which need not be (and so are means).” Id. As another tool, the Supreme Court stated that in conducting the elementsversus-means inquiry, federal sentencing courts can look to state court decisions 11 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 12 of 73 interpreting an alternatively phrased statute for guidance. Id. If a precedential state court decision makes clear that a statute’s alternative phrasing simply lists “alternative methods of committing one offense,” such that “a jury need not agree” on which alternative method the defendant committed in order to sustain a conviction, then the statute is not divisible. Id. (quotation marks and alterations omitted). “Armed with such authoritative sources of state law, federal sentencing courts can readily determine the nature of an alternatively phrased list.” Id. As a third tool, the Supreme Court stated that “if state law fails to provide clear answers, federal judges have another place to look: the record of a prior conviction itself.” Id. The Supreme Court explained that this “peek” at the record documents “is for the sole and limited purpose of determining whether the listed items are elements of the offense.” Id. at 2256-57 (quotation marks and alterations omitted). This is a “peek” to answer the threshold means-or-elements question (i.e. the divisibility issue) and is not the full-blown modified categorical approach. In explaining this “peek,” the Supreme Court in Mathis said, (1) “Descamps previously recognized just this way of discerning whether a statutory list contains means or elements,” and (2) that the Descamps Court “noted that indictments, jury instructions, plea colloquies and plea agreements will often reflect the crime’s elements and so can reveal—in some cases better than state law itself—whether a statutory list is of elements or means.” Id. at 2257 n.7 (quotation marks omitted). 12 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 13 of 73 The Supreme Court then instructed: “Accordingly, when state law does not resolve the means-or-elements question, courts should resort to the record documents for help in making that determination.” Id. (quotation marks and alterations omitted). Most helpfully though, the Supreme Court in Mathis gave contrasting examples of how to implement this third tool for answering the elements-versusmeans inquiry. In its first example, the Supreme Court noted that “an indictment and correlative jury instructions [could] charge a defendant with burgling a ‘building, structure, or vehicle.’” Id. Those documents might also use “a single umbrella term like ‘premises.’” Id. Either situation “is as clear an indication as any that each alternative is only a possible means of commission, not an element that the prosecutor must prove to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. Moreover, in each situation, “the record would . . . reveal what the prosecutor has to (and does not have to) demonstrate to prevail.” Id. In a contrasting example, the Supreme Court noted that “[c]onversely, an indictment and jury instructions could indicate, by referencing one alternative term to the exclusion of all others, that the statute contains a list of elements, each one of which goes toward a separate crime.” Id. Again, this “peek” at the record is for answering the meansor-elements question, also called the divisibility question. Finally, the Supreme Court acknowledged that “such record materials will not in every case speak plainly, and if they do not, a sentencing judge will not be 13 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 14 of 73 able to satisfy Taylor’s demand for certainty when determining whether a defendant was convicted of a generic offense.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). However, the Supreme Court concluded that “between those documents and state law, that kind of indeterminacy should prove more the exception than the rule.” Id. This makes good sense because state court indictments often will charge only one of the alternative terms, thereby indicating that a statute is divisible. We now apply the principles and tools outlined in Mathis to this case. D. Georgia’s Burglary Statute is Broader than Generic Burglary We first identify the elements of generic burglary. The generic, contemporary definition of burglary consists of these elements: (1) an unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, (2) a building or other structure, (3) with intent to commit a crime therein. See Howard, 742 F.3d at 1342; Mathis, 579 U.S. at ___, 136 S. Ct. at 2248. Next, we examine whether Georgia’s burglary statute has these elements. At the time of Gundy’s seven prior felony burglary offenses in 2001, 2005, and 2006, Georgia’s burglary statute provided as follows: A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. . . . 14 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 15 of 73 Ga. Code Ann. § 16-7-1(a) (2011). 3 Section 16-7-1 criminalizes the following conduct: (1) entry into a dwelling house, a building, or other structures (2) “without authority,” and (3) with “intent to commit a felony or theft therein.” Id. Section 16-7-1 thus criminalizes conduct that would satisfy all the elements of a generic burglary. However, at the time of Gundy’s prior convictions, § 16-7-1 also criminalized conduct broader than the ACCA’s generic definition of burglary. Specifically, § 16-7-1 encompassed not only unlawful entry into buildings or other structures, but also into vehicles, railroad cars, watercraft, or aircraft. See United States v. Bennett, 472 F.3d 825, 832 (11th Cir. 2006); see also Howard, 742 F.3d at 1342. Thus, § 16-7-1 is non-generic. See Bennett, 472 F.3d at 832. The salient question, then, is whether § 16-7-1’s alternative phrasing of the locational element—(1) dwelling house, or (2) building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as a dwelling, or (3) any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof—lists multiple alternative locational “elements” or various “means” of satisfying a single, indivisible set of elements. 3 Georgia’s burglary statute was amended on July 1, 2012, and had not been amended prior to that since 1980. See 2012 Ga. Laws 899; 1980 Ga. Laws 770. Accordingly, the 2011 version of Ga. Code Ann. § 16-7-1 was the statute under which Gundy was previously convicted. 15 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 16 of 73 Before examining the Georgia burglary statute, it is also helpful to review the Iowa burglary statute discussed in Mathis and the Alabama burglary statute discussed in Howard. E. Iowa and Alabama Burglary Statutes At issue in Mathis was the Iowa Code, which defines burglary in § 713.1 as “[a]ny person, having the intent to commit a felony, assault or theft therein, who, having no right, license or privilege to do so, enters an occupied structure.” Iowa Code § 713.1 (emphasis added). The Iowa statute employs a “single locational element,” which is “occupied structure.” Mathis, 579 U.S. at __, 136 S. Ct. at 2250; Iowa Code § 713.1. Then, in a separate statute, § 702.12, the Iowa Code defines the term “occupied structure” as “any building, structure, appurtenances to buildings and structures, land, water or air vehicle, or similar place adapted for overnight accommodation of persons.” Iowa Code § 702.12. In Mathis, the Supreme Court concluded that the Iowa burglary statute in § 713.1 defined “one crime, with one set of elements” with a single locational element of “occupied structure.” Mathis, 579 U.S. at __, 136 S. Ct. at 2250. The Supreme Court explained that the listed locations in the separate § 702.12 definition were not “alternative elements” but were “alternative ways of satisfying the single locational element” in § 713.1. Id. In addition to the clear statutory text 16 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 17 of 73 of a single locational element in § 713.1, the Supreme Court also pointed out that the Iowa Supreme Court had held that the alternative premises in the § 702.12 definition were “alternative method[s]” of committing the offense, “so that the jury need not agree” whether the burgled location was a building, other structure, or vehicle. Id. (citing State v. Duncan, 312 N.W.2d 519, 532 (Iowa 1981)). Similarly, in Howard, the Alabama statute that created the crime of burglary used a single locational element of “building.” 4 Section 13A-7-7 provides that “[a] person commits the crime of burglary in the third degree if he knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in a building with intent to commit a crime therein.” Ala. Code § 13A-7-7(a) (2014) (emphasis added). Then, in a separate statute in § 13A-7-1(2), the Alabama Code defines the term “building” as “[a]ny structure which may be entered and utilized by persons for business, public use, lodging or the storage of goods, and such term includes any vehicle, aircraft or watercraft used for the lodging of persons or carrying on business therein, and such term includes any railroad box car or other rail equipment or trailer or tractor trailer or combination thereof.” Id. § 13A-7-1(2) (2014) (emphasis added). 4 In 2015, Alabama changed the wording of the burglary statute in § 13A-7-7. 2015 Ala. Laws Act 2015-185. Then in 2016, the state also amended the definitional provision in § 13A-71. 2016 Ala. Laws 2016-402. Howard, which was decided in 2014, construed the pre-2015 versions of these provisions. 17 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 18 of 73 In Howard, this Court explained why the Alabama burglary statute was not divisible. The Alabama statute did not “set[] out one or more elements of the offense in the alternative—for example, stating that burglary involves entry into a building or an automobile.” Howard, 742 F.3d at 1348. “Instead, Alabama Code § 13A-7-1(2) provides one definition of building and then includes a nonexhaustive list of things that fall under that definition.” Id. In Howard, this Court further pointed out that the word “includes” in § 13A-7-1(2) showed that the drafters “intended to provide a non-exhaustive list of examples to clarify the meaning of the term.” Id. (quoting Jean v. Nelson, 863 F.2d 759, 777 (11th Cir. 1988)).5 5 Similar to the Iowa and Alabama statutes, the South Carolina Code uses a single locational element. The South Carolina statute that creates the crime is § 16-11-312(A), which provides that “[a] person is guilty of burglary in the second degree if the person enters a dwelling without consent and with intent to commit a crime therein.” S.C. Code Ann. § 16-11-312(A) (emphasis added). South Carolina then has two other separate statutes that define “dwelling” and “dwelling house.” In a separate statute, § 16-11-310, the South Carolina Code defines “dwelling,” stating that “ [d]welling’ means its definition found in Section 16-11-10 and also means the living quarters of a building which is used or normally used for sleeping, living, or lodging by a person.” Id. § 16-11-310. In turn, § 16-11-10 provided that “a dwelling house, any house, outhouse, apartment, building, erection, shed or box in which there sleeps a proprietor, tenant, watchman, clerk, laborer or person who lodges there with a view to the protection of property shall be deemed a dwelling house.” Id. § 16-11-10. Additionally, the word “building,” as used in § 16-11-310, “means any structure, vehicle, watercraft, or aircraft.” Id. § 16-11-310(1). Georgia’s burglary statute is not at all like South Carolina’s. See United States v. Lockett, 810 F.3d 1262 (11th Cir. 2016) (outlining this complex statute and holding that the South Carolina burglary statute is not divisible). 18 Case: 14-12113 F. Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 19 of 73 Georgia’s Burglary Statute We now turn to the text of Georgia’s burglary statute. “[S]entencing courts should usually be able to determine whether a statute is divisible by simply reading its text . . . .” Howard, 742 F.3d at 1346. In contrast to Iowa’s statute in Mathis and the Alabama statute in Howard, the text of the Georgia burglary statute in § 16-7-1, that creates the crime, does not use a single locational element (like “occupied structure” or “building”). The Georgia law also does not contain a definition elsewhere that provides a nonexhaustive laundry list of other places or locations. The Georgia statute also does not use the term “includes.” Rather, the Georgia burglary statute, that creates the crime of burglary, uses alternative locational elements. Section 16-7-1 provides that “[a] person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or remains within”: the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. 19 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 20 of 73 Ga. Code Ann. § 16-7-1(a) (2011) (emphasis added).6 Rather than a single locational element, the plain text of the Georgia statute has three subsets of different locational elements, stated in the alternative and in the disjunctive. Each of the three subsets enumerates a finite list of specific structures in which the unlawful entry must occur to constitute the crime of burglary. In doing so, the burglary statute has multiple locational elements effectively creating several different crimes. See Descamps, 570 U.S. at __, 133 S. Ct. at 2281 (explaining that an example of a divisible statute is one “stating that burglary involves entry into a building or an automobile”). This is why under Georgia law a prosecutor must select, identify, and charge the specific place or location that was burgled. For example, the Georgia Court of Appeals has held that a burglary indictment must charge the particular place or premises burgled and the specific location of that place or premises. See Morris v. State, 303 S.E.2d 492, 494 (Ga. Ct. App. 1983) (stating that “where the defendant is charged with burglary, the indictment must specify the location of the burglary” and concluding that the indictment was sufficient where it charged a “building,” identified as “the Financial Aid Office and Alumni Office, located at Fort Valley State 6 This was the text of the Georgia burglary statute from 1980 to 2011. Prior to1968, the burglary statute also had this provision, which is no longer in the statute: “All out-houses contiguous to or within the curtilage or protection of the mansion or dwelling-house, shall be considered as part of the same.” Compare Ga. Code 1933, § 26-2401 with Ga. Laws 1968, § 262401, p. 1249. 20 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 21 of 73 College, Fort Valley, Peach County, Georgia”); State v. Ramos, 243 S.E.2d 693, 693 (Ga. Ct. App. 1978) (stating it is not necessary to prove “the specific place” to obtain a theft-by-taking conviction, but it is necessary to prove the “specific location” to obtain a burglary conviction); State v. Green, 218 S.E.2d. 456, 457 (Ga. Ct. App. 1975); Chester v. State, 140 S.E.2d 52, 53 (Ga. Ct. App. 1964) (“It must be alleged and proved in an indictment for burglary that there was a breaking and entering of one of the classes of buildings set out in the statute.”); Kidd v. State, 146 S.E. 35, 35 (Ga. Ct. App. 1928) (holding that the indictment was sufficient where it identified the location burgled as the protected structure of “railroad cars”). The U.S. Supreme Court has told us that “[a] prosecutor charging a violation of a divisible statute must generally select the relevant element from the list of alternatives.” Descamps, 570 U.S. at __, 133 S. Ct. at 2290. That the Georgia prosecutor must select and identify the locational element of the place burgled— whether the place burgled was a dwelling, building, railroad car, vehicle, or watercraft—is the hallmark of a divisible statute. Indeed, in every case cited by Gundy and the government, the indictment specified the type of place or premises burgled. See, e.g., Weeks, 616 S.E.2d at 852 (a “dwelling house”); Davis v. State, 706 S.E.2d 710, 714 (Ga. Ct. App. 2011) (a “dwelling house”); Smarr v. State, 732 S.E.2d 110, 114-15 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012) (a “building” that served as a gas station); 21 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 22 of 73 Morris, 303 S.E.2d. at 494 (a “building” used as a “Financial Aid Office and Alumni Office”). That the prosecutor must select and identify the relevant statutory locational element is well illustrated by the Georgia court’s decision in DeFrancis v. Manning, 246 Ga. 307 (1980). As quoted above, one of the alternative locational elements in the Georgia statute is a “vehicle . . . designed for use as the dwelling of another.” Ga. Code Ann. § 16-7-1(a) (2011). The indictment in DeFrancis charged that the defendant “unlawfully without authority and with intent to commit a theft therein entered that certain vehicle, same being a gray Ford truck, being the property of and owned by McKesson Wine and Spirits Company, a division of Foremost-McKesson, Inc., said truck being located on 10th Avenue West in the City of Cordele, Crisp County, Georgia, at the time of said entry therein by the said accused.” 246 Ga. at 307. The Georgia Supreme Court set aside the defendant’s burglary conviction because the indictment did not charge that the vehicle was “designed for use as a dwelling.” Id. at 308. The Georgia Supreme Court held, “that the vehicle was designed as a dwelling was an essential element of the offense which must be alleged.” Id. (emphasis added). The fact that under Georgia law the indictment must charge the type of place or location with such specificity further demonstrates that § 16-7-1’s statutory listing of alternative locations for committing a burglary constitutes an enumeration of alternative elements. 22 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 23 of 73 For all of the above reasons, we conclude that the alternative locational elements in the Georgia statute are divisible. See United States v. MartinezGarcia, 625 F.3d 196, 198 (5th Cir. 2010) (concluding that the Georgia burglary statute in § 16-7-1(a) is divisible and that the defendant’s Georgia conviction for burglary of a dwelling house was a crime of violence under U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2). 7 G. The Elements of Gundy’s Prior Burglary Convictions are Generic Our final task is to determine which of the alternative elements in Georgia’s burglary statute formed the basis of Gundy’s prior burglary convictions and whether those elements match the generic definition of burglary. Having concluded that Georgia’s burglary statute is divisible, we may use the modified categorical approach. Mathis, 579 U.S. at __, 136 S. Ct. at 2249. Under that approach, we look to “a limited class of documents (for example, the indictment, jury instructions or plea agreement and colloquy) to determine what crime, with what elements, a defendant was convicted of.” Id. These are known as Shepard 7 The dissent has found and cites Mobley v. State. 296 S.E.2d 617, 618 (Ga. Ct. App. 1982) (describing where the burglary occurred as the “Social Circle Drug Store, the property of Billy Snipes, located in the City of Social Circle, Walton County, Georgia”) (emphasis added). The dissent faults our analysis because this decision did not use the word “building.” We are confident that the term “drug store” sensibly means a building, not a vehicle, railroad car, or watercraft. While one could theoretically operate a drug store out of a vehicle, we are not required to engage in such farfetched hypotheticals, especially given DeFrancis and other Georgia decisions discussed above. If anything, the Mobley decision supports our conclusion that the prosecutor must charge and identify as an element the type of place that was burgled and its location. 23 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 24 of 73 documents. Id.; Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 1263 (2005). The indictment for each one of Gundy’s prior Georgia burglary convictions charged the type of place and the address of each burgled location. 8 Two indictments charged that Gundy unlawfully, and with the intent to commit theft therein, entered a “dwelling house”: (1) “the dwelling house of another, to wit: Chiffon Jones, located at 403 Grand Street; Sandersville, Georgia;” and (2) “the dwelling house of another, to wit: McArthur Jordan, located at 321 Tybee Street, Sandersville, Georgia.” Two other indictments charged that Gundy “unlawfully, without authority, and with intent to commit a theft therein” entered a “business house” described as: (1) “the business house of another, to wit: David Bernice Hartley d/b/a E-Z Coin Laundry, located at East McCarty Street, Sandersville, Georgia;”9 and (2) “the business house of another, to wit: Bill Murphy d/b/a Murphy & Palmer Feed & Seed Company, located at 232 North Smith Street, Sandersville, Georgia.” Thus, all of the burgled locations were either dwelling houses or buildings housing a business, which are generic burglaries. Importantly, 8 Certified copies of all of Gundy’s state court indictments and Gundy’s guilty pleas thereto are in the record and are attached as an appendix to this opinion. 9 Two other indictments charged that Gundy burgled this same E-Z Coin Laundry on East McCarty Street in Sandersville, Georgia but on separate occasions during the year 2000: July 12; August 23; December 12; and December 14. The December 12 and December 14 incidents were charged as two separate counts of burglary in the same indictment. All told, Gundy was charged with and pled guilty to seven separate burglaries in six different indictments. 24 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 25 of 73 none were vehicles, railroad cars, watercrafts, or aircrafts, which are not generic burglaries.10 Accordingly, Gundy’s state court indictments make clear that Gundy’s Georgia burglary convictions involved these three elements: (1) an unlawful entry (2) into a dwelling house or building (3) with intent to commit a crime therein. See Ga. Code Ann. § 16-7-1(a) (2011). These elements substantially conform to the generic definition of burglary. See Howard, 742 F.3d at 1342. Therefore, Gundy’s prior Georgia burglary convictions qualify as violent felonies under the ACCA’s enumerated crimes clause. The district court did not err in sentencing Gundy as an armed career criminal. H. Dissent’s Discussion of Divisibility The dissent relies heavily on Lloyd v. State, 308 S.E.2d 25 (Ga. Ct. App. 1983), but that case had nothing to do with the locational element, which the Georgia Supreme Court in DeFrancis told us is an “essential element.” 246 Ga. at 308. The sole issue in Lloyd was whether the evidence was sufficient to prove “lack of authority on the defendant’s part to enter the building.” Lloyd, 308 S.E.2d at 25. The officer testified that “[t]he front door of the warehouse had been pried 10 While the dissent focuses on jury instructions, Gundy did not proceed to trial but pled guilty. Here, we rely on the indictments, not pattern jury instructions never given. Indeed, the Supreme Court has told us that, in cases where the defendant pled guilty, we can look at the “closest analogs to the jury instructions,” and that they are the indictments or charging information. Shepard, 544 U.S. at 20, 125 S. Ct. at 1249; see also Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602, 110 S. Ct. at 2160. 25 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 26 of 73 open.” Id. The Lloyd court stated: “there are two essential elements which must be established by the State: 1) lack of authority to enter the dwelling or building; 2) intent to commit a felony or theft.” Id. (emphasis added). The Lloyd court concluded that the evidence in the officer’s testimony “was sufficient to show the defendant’s lack of authority to enter the building.” Id. at 26. When placed in context, the two-element statement in Lloyd is about two elements of “lack of authority to enter” and “intent.” See id. at 25. There was no issue in Lloyd about the location burgled or the essential locational element required under the Georgia statute. Rather, the Georgia Supreme Court in DeFrancis tells us that the location burgled is a third “essential element” and that the locational element must be identified and charged with particularity in the indictment. See 246 Ga. at 308. In any event, as to its divisibility analysis, the dissent acknowledges that “if state law fails to provide clear answers [about a statute’s divisibility], federal judges have another place to look: the record of a prior conviction itself.” If nothing else, perhaps the discussions in the majority opinion and the dissent arguably suggest that Georgia law may not be as clear as either concludes. So if the Georgia law is not clear as to elements or means, what happens next? We agree with the dissent’s divisibility analysis that the next step would be Mathis’s “peek at the record.” The dissent, in its divisibility analysis, peeks at the record 26 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 27 of 73 and points out that two indictments specified a “dwelling house” and three specified a “business house.” Where we differ is this. Those terms do not “speak plainly” enough for the dissent. We, however, conclude that the terms “dwelling house” and “business house” satisfy Taylor’s demand for certainty that Gundy’s convictions were for burglary of a building or other structure, which is a generic burglary. III. CONCLUSION In light of the foregoing, we affirm Gundy’s conviction and sentence. AFFIRMED. 27 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 28 of 73 JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judge, dissenting: The question we confront today is whether Nathan Gundy’s prior burglary convictions in Georgia provide a basis for the enhanced federal sentence he currently serves. The majority and I agree on the basic framework for answering this question and even on how that framework applies here, up to a point. But we differ sharply in our views of Georgia law regarding the elements of the crime of burglary. The majority and I agree that the Georgia burglary statute under which Mr. Gundy previously was convicted sweeps more broadly than the generic crime of burglary that can serve as a basis for an enhanced sentence. I cannot agree, though, with the balance of the majority’s analysis. I dissent because we cannot, consistent with Supreme Court and our own precedent, divide and narrow the Georgia statute in a way that would permit us to construe Mr. Gundy’s burglary convictions as authorizing the term of incarceration he now serves. And I dissent because the majority’s analysis affirming Mr. Gundy’s enhanced sentence has serious implications far beyond this case. The majority’s misinterpretation of Georgia law will decide the fate of countless individuals who stand to serve unjustly expanded prison terms as a result. The district court ruled that Mr. Gundy’s prior Georgia burglary convictions 28 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 29 of 73 each constituted a “violent felony” and thus support an enhanced sentence under the Armed Career Criminal Act, (“ACCA”), 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). As relevant here, the term “violent felony” includes the crime of burglary. Id. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii). But the crime of burglary’s inclusion among ACCA’s violent felonies does not mean that a conviction under Georgia’s burglary statute qualifies as a violent felony. For Georgia burglary to qualify, all or part of the statute must criminalize what the Supreme Court has termed “generic” burglary; that is, it must “contain[] at least the following elements: an unlawful or unprivileged entry into, or remaining in, a building or other structure, with intent to commit a crime.” Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 598 (1990). If the statute in its entirety criminalizes generic burglary, then our analysis is easy: a violation of the statute can support an ACCA enhancement. But if it doesn’t, we have to decide whether we can divide the statute up into elements that make up generic burglary. This task is not as easy, as state statutes can be complex, but the Supreme Court has on several occasions given us guidance, most recently in United States v. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016). There, the Court reiterated that the key question is whether the state statute sets forth alternative elements, which means that the statute is divisible, or merely alternative factual means of committing the offense, which means that the statute is not divisible, and therefore a conviction under it cannot serve as a predicate offense for an ACCA enhancement. See id. at 2249. 29 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 30 of 73 The majority and I agree that with its inclusion of vehicles, railroad cars, watercraft, and aircraft as types of locations that can be burglarized, Georgia’s burglary statute is broader than the generic crime of burglary, which applies only to structures. Indeed, in considering a similarly broad state statute, Mathis held that “vehicles” are not structures and thus fall outside the scope of generic burglary. See 136 S. Ct. at 2250. But turning to the question of whether these alternative types of locations are elements of the crime of burglary in Georgia or merely means of committing it, the majority and I part ways. I disagree that the burglary statute’s text and structure support the majority’s conclusion that the types of locations the statute lists are elements rather than means. This conclusion ignores the Supreme Court’s guidance and the plain meaning of the Georgia statute. I also disagree that Georgia case law supports the majority’s conclusion. To the contrary, this case law unambiguously defines the elements of the crime of burglary, and the different types of locations that can be burglarized are not separate elements. The majority errs in determining that “burglary of a dwelling” and “burglary of a building” are separate crimes in Georgia. Even if I were to accept, for the sake of argument, that Georgia law is ambiguous on whether the different types of locations that can be burglarized are elements or means of committing the offense, the inquiry would not end there. Mathis instructs courts considering statutes that are ambiguous in this respect to 30 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 31 of 73 “peek” at the record documents of prior convictions “for the sole and limited purpose of determining whether the [statute’s] listed items are elements of the offense.” 136 S. Ct. at 2256–57 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). But in this case, those documents leave us unable to “satisfy [the] demand for certainty when determining whether a defendant was convicted of a generic offense” that can serve as an ACCA predicate. Id. at 2257 (internal quotation marks omitted). After all, of the two locational terms listed in Mr. Gundy’s indictments, one does not even appear in Georgia’s burglary statute and thus cannot constitute an element. Mr. Gundy’s indictments therefore fail to demonstrate that the different types of locations where the burglaries occurred were elements that the jury had to find beyond a reasonable doubt. In my view, these points lead to only one possible conclusion: Georgia’s burglary statute is broader than generic burglary, and is indivisible; it cannot be a violent felony under ACCA. I would reverse and remand for the district court to resentence Mr. Gundy without an ACCA enhancement. I. DISCUSSION The analytical framework on which the majority and I agree compels the conclusion that the Georgia burglary statute under which Mr. Gundy was convicted is indivisible. The statute defines burglary as follows: A person commits the offense of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony or theft therein, he enters or 31 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 32 of 73 remains within the dwelling house of another or any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another or enters or remains within any other building, railroad car, aircraft, or any room or any part thereof. . . . O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1(a) (2011) (emphasis added). 1 Below, I demonstrate this statute’s indivisibility in two parts. First, I review Georgia law, which tells us the elements of burglary. This is where I would end our inquiry, as we are not free to contradict Georgia’s courts on matters of state law. See Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S. 624, 636 (1991). Second, because the majority reads Georgia law to reach the opposite conclusion, I assume for the sake of argument that state law is ambiguous on the elements-versus-means question and, as Mathis instructs, look beyond it to the record of Mr. Gundy’s convictions for the answer. But the record, too, is inconclusive. Thus, even assuming Georgia law is ambiguous such that we can look to Mr. Gundy’s record at all, we would still lack the “certainty” required to determine that the various types of locations listed in Georgia’s statute are elements rather than means. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2257 (internal quotation marks omitted). Without that certainty, a conviction under the statute cannot qualify as a violent felony under ACCA. 1 This version of the statute, which has since been amended, is the relevant one for our purposes because it was in effect at the time of Mr. Gundy’s burglary convictions. When I refer to the Georgia burglary statute, I refer to this version. 32 Case: 14-12113 A. Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 33 of 73 Georgia Law Establishes the Georgia Burglary Statute’s Indivisibility. Georgia’s courts have set forth the elements of burglary, making it clear that the state’s burglary statute is indivisible. The Georgia Court of Appeals declared in a precedential decision that it is “readily apparent there are two essential elements [of the crime of burglary] which must be established by the State: 1) lack of authority to enter the dwelling or building; 2) intent to commit a felony or theft.” Lloyd v. State, 308 S.E.2d 25, 25 (Ga. Ct. App. 1983) (emphasis added). Entering without authority either a “dwelling or building” is part of the same “essential element[],” a single element encompassing the types of locations that can be burglarized.2 Id. So why does the Georgia courts’ grouping of “dwelling” and “building” into a single element necessarily answer the elements-versus-means question with respect to vehicles, railroad cars, and watercraft? It does so for two reasons. First, the statute’s use of the term “dwelling” itself includes locations other than the type of structures that generic burglary encompasses. In Georgia, a person commits the crime of burglary when, without authority and with the intent to commit a felony 2 Other Georgia decisions have framed the location element in slightly different terms, substituting “dwelling place” or “dwelling house” for “dwelling.” See, e.g., Roberts v. State, 710 S.E.2d 878, 881 (Ga. Ct. App. 2011) (upholding validity of jury instructions where court charged jury on the burglary statute’s “requirement of proof that a defendant entered ‘the building or dwelling place of another’”); Hart v. State, 517 S.E.2d 790, 792 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999) (upholding, as “sufficient to inform the jury of the essential elements of the offense” of burglary, jury instruction that stated, in part, a defendant “enters in a building or dwelling house of another”). But these slight variations make no difference to the elements-versus-means analysis. 33 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 34 of 73 or theft therein, he enters or remains within “. . . any building, vehicle, railroad car, watercraft, or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another . . . .” O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1(a) (emphasis added). By using the restrictive clause “or other such structure designed for use as the dwelling of another,” the statute unambiguously defines vehicles, railroad cars, and watercraft as possible dwellings. Id. So a defendant may be convicted of burglarizing a “dwelling” whether he has entered unlawfully an apartment, which would be a structure falling within the purview of generic burglary structure, or a motorhome or a houseboat, which would not. Second, in the statute “building” appears twice, both times as part of a series. Both series include types of locations that generic burglary excludes. As a matter of syntax and logic, if one item in the series, “building,” is not a separate element because the Georgia courts tells us it is part of the same element as “dwelling,” then the others in the series are not separate elements either. For these reasons, Lloyd’s statement of burglary’s elements, which groups “building” and “dwelling” together, compels the conclusion that the location types listed in the Georgia burglary statute are alternate means rather than elements. An examination of Georgia jury instructions confirms Lloyd’s statement of burglary’s elements. The language used in jury instructions is significant because it must always include the crime’s elements, that is, “what the jury must find 34 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 35 of 73 beyond a reasonable doubt to convict the defendant.” Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2248. Georgia courts consistently have upheld jury instructions listing “building or dwelling” as part of a single element. See, e.g., Dukes v. State, 592 S.E.2d 473, 477 (Ga. Ct. App. 2003) (upholding against unspecified claim of error jury instruction that “it’s only necessary to prove burglary in Georgia that . . . the accused did, without authority, enter a building or dwelling house of another with the intent to commit the alleged felony”); Hart v. State, 517 S.E.2d 790, 792–93 (Ga. Ct. App. 1999) (deeming “sufficient to inform the jury of the essential elements of” burglary a jury instruction that included “enters in a building or dwelling house of another”); see also, e.g., Long v. State, 705 S.E.2d 889, 674–75 (Ga. Ct. App. 2011) (calling “complete and correct” a jury instruction that included “enters any building or dwelling place of another”). Indeed, Georgia’s pattern jury instructions for burglary state that a person commits burglary when “without authority, that person enters . . . any building or dwelling place of another . . . with the intent” to commit theft or another felony. GAJICRIM 2.62.10 (4th ed. 2016); id. 2.62.20 (4th ed. 2016).3 Georgia jury instructions and the cases approving them thus confirm Lloyd’s statement of the burglary elements. That is, burglary of a dwelling and burglary of a building are not separate crimes. 3 Although dated 2016, these instructions apply to cases “where the offense is alleged to have occurred before July 1, 2012” because they reference the pre-2012 statute that we interpret today. See GAJICRIM 2.62.10. 35 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 36 of 73 The majority dismisses Lloyd’s clear statement of law, asserting that the case “had nothing to do with the locational element” at issue here. Maj. Op. at 26. True, the types of places that could be burglarized were not at issue in Lloyd. But accepting the majority’s position requires us to assume that the Georgia Court of Appeals meant something other than what it said when it described the elements of the crime. And the numerous cases approving jury instructions with language like Lloyd’s confirm that it correctly stated burglary’s elements. Rejecting these clear statements by Georgia courts of the elements of Georgia burglary, the majority argues that the text and structure of the burglary statute unambiguously establish its divisibility and that case law confirms this interpretation. First, the majority contends that the statute’s disjunctive phrasing and lack of a single locational term with a separate definition section make it divisible. But Mathis and persuasive authority counsel otherwise. Second, it asserts that Georgia’s burglary statute “enumerates a finite list of specific structures,” as a divisible statute must. The statute’s plain text contradicts this assertion, however. Third, the majority points to Georgia cases about the requirements for an indictment as confirming its textual interpretation. In fact, though, these cases concern notice to the defendant and double jeopardy, not the elements of the crime. I address each of the majority’s points in turn. 36 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 37 of 73 First, the majority contends that the statute’s use of the disjunctive and lack of a single locational term with a separate definition section establish its divisibility. Relying solely on the word “or,” and making creative use of spacing to amplify its point, the majority determines that the statute “has three subsets of different locational elements, stated in the alternative and in the disjunctive.” See Maj. Op. at 20. The majority then contrasts this structure with those of the state burglary statutes held to be indivisible in Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2250 (Iowa), United States v. Lockett, 810 F.3d 1262, 1269–70 (11th Cir. 2016) (South Carolina), and United States v. Howard, 742 F.3d 1334, 1348 (11th Cir. 2014) (Alabama). See Maj. Op. at 19–20, 19 n.5. The majority notes that each of these other statutes included “a single locational element” and then in a separate section or statute defined that term with a list of alternative means of committing the crime. Id. Georgia’s burglary statute, however, contains no single locational element with a separate definitions section, and so the majority posits its list of alternate locations must be elements rather than means. Maj. Op. at 20. As the majority acknowledges, Maj. Op. at 9–10, Mathis makes clear that alternative phrasing is a necessary—but by no means sufficient—condition to read a statute as setting out alternative elements. See 136 S. Ct. at 2256 (“The first task for a sentencing court faced with an alternatively phrased statute is thus to determine whether its listed items are elements or means.”). Mathis then lists two 37 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 38 of 73 attributes of an alternatively phrased statute that would confirm its divisibility. First, “[i]f statutory alternatives carry different punishments, then under Apprendi 4 they must be elements.” Id. Second, “a statute may itself identify which things must be charged (and so are elements) and which need not be (and so are means).” Id. Neither is present in this case, however. Absent these attributes, or something equally compelling, alternate phrasing is neutral with respect to the elementsversus-means inquiry. Although state statutes with a single locational element defined separately have been held to be indivisible in Mathis, Lockett, and Howard, there is no truth to the converse, that the lack of a single locational element with a separate definition section means a disjunctively phrased statute is divisible. Indeed, one of our sister circuits recently held a statute with disjunctive language and without a separate definition section to be indivisible. See United States v. Barcenas-Yanez, 826 F.3d 752 (4th Cir. 2016) (holding Texas aggravated assault statute was indivisible as to intent element where assault required “intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caus[ing] bodily injury to another”). Quite simply, the fact that the Georgia statute has a different structure proves nothing. Second, the majority asserts as supporting its textual interpretation that the burglary statute sets out a “finite list of specific structures.” Maj. Op. at 20. This 4 Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, (2000). 38 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 39 of 73 finite list—along with the disjunctive phrasing and lack of a single locational term with a separate definition section discussed above—leads the majority to the conclusion that Georgia’s burglary statute sets out “multiple locational elements effectively creating several different crimes.” Maj. Op. at 20. The wording of Georgia’s burglary statute, however, contradicts the majority’s assertion. The statute includes among its list of locations that can be burglarized “other such structure[s] designed for use as the dwelling of another.” O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1(a) (2011). The phrase “other such structure[s]” cannot be part of a finite list because it is necessarily expansive: Any type of structure that is designed for use as a dwelling would qualify. For example, a travel trailer,5 although absent from the list, undoubtedly qualifies as “such [a] structure designed for use as the dwelling of another” that is capable of being burglarized in Georgia. While Georgia’s statute does not use the word “includes,” see Maj. Op. at 18–19 (noting that the Georgia statute does not use the term “includes,” unlike the Alabama statute held indivisible in Howard), the phrase “other such” serves essentially the same function. The statute lays out no finite list of structures; thus it cannot “effectively creat[e] several different crimes.” Maj. Op. at 20. 5 “A travel trailer is a non-motorized RV designed to be towed by a pickup truck, SUV or, for smaller units, even a car.” “What is a travel trailer,” RVNetLinx, http://rvnetlinx.com/ wprvtypes.php?cat=tt [https://perma.cc/KR2P-YRH4] (last visited Nov. 18, 2016); see also United States v. Guerrero-Navarro, 737 F.3d 976, 979 (5th Cir. 2013) (“Consider, for example . . . travel trailers. These are not buildings, but they may nevertheless be dwellings in the ordinary sense. So although a certain venue may not qualify as a Taylor-approved building or structure, it may still . . . constitute a dwelling.” (citations omitted)). 39 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 40 of 73 Third, the majority argues that Georgia case law concerning the adequacy of indictments confirms its interpretation. It contends that because Georgia prosecutors must specify the location of a burglary in the indictment, the different locations must be elements. This argument confuses location (e.g., “the Financial Aid Office and Alumni Office, located at Fort Valley State College, Fort Valley, Peach County, Georgia”), Morris v. State, 303 S.E.2d 492, 494 (Ga. Ct. App. 1983), with type of location (e.g., a “building”). Id. It is true that an indictment charging burglary must identify the specific location and ownership of the allegedly burglarized place. See id. But Georgia law imposes no requirement that an indictment include the type of location burglarized. Oftentimes, as in the case of the Financial Aid Office building in Morris, an indictment will identify both. But it need not do so.6 For example, the Georgia Court of Appeals approved of “Social Circle Drug Store, the property of Billy Snipes, located in the City of Social Circle, Walton County, Georgia” as a sufficient description of a burglarized location in an indictment. Mobley v. State, 296 S.E.2d 617, 618 (Ga. Ct. App. 1982). This indictment specified the location of the burglary, but not the type of 6 The majority cites two cases, Chester v. State, 140 S.E.2d 52 (Ga. Ct. App. 1964), and Kidd v. State, 146 S.E. 35 (Ga. Ct. App. 1928), that predate the 1968 enactment of the burglary statute at issue in this case. The previous statute contained entirely different elements—as the majority’s quotation of Chester, which includes “breaking and entering” among these elements, demonstrates—so cases interpreting it are irrelevant to our analysis. Maj. Op. at 21 (quoting Chester, 140 S.E.2d at 53). 40 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 41 of 73 location that was burglarized. Was Billy Snipes’s drug store in a building? 7 Almost certainly. But the indictment itself neglects to say so and was nevertheless upheld—meaning that the type of location the defendant allegedly entered need not be specified in the indictment. More fundamentally, the majority misapprehends the purpose of requiring the burglary’s location to be included in indictments. The majority speculates that the multiple types of locations listed in the Georgia burglary statute must be “why under Georgia law a prosecutor must select, identify, and charge the specific place or location that was burgled.” Maj. Op. at 21. This speculation lacks support. Rather, as a case the majority cites makes clear, an indictment must include the location burglarized in order “to give the defendant ample opportunity to prepare a defense.” Morris, 303 S.E.2d at 494. The many indictment cases on which the majority relies never considered whether the types of locations listed in Georgia’s burglary statute are alternative elements or means of committing the crime because these cases were concerned only with the need to “inform the accused as to the 7 The majority critiques my reliance on Mobley because it is “confident that the term ‘drug store’ sensibly means a building, not a vehicle, railroad car, or watercraft.” Maj. Op. at 23 n.7. Perhaps. But what if an indictment stated that the defendant burglarized “the Orient Express Restaurant, 2921 Paces Ferry Rd SE, Cobb County, Georgia”? Certainly this would provide a location sufficient to satisfy Morris. See 303 S.E.2d at 494. And we might feel confident that the term “restaurant” sensibly means a building. Further research would reveal, however, that the Orient Express Restaurant is housed in a railroad car. See Marisa Roman, This Train in Georgia is Actually a Restaurant and You Need to Visit, OnlyInYourState (Aug. 27, 2016), http://www.onlyinyourstate.com/georgia/restaurant-train-in-ga/ [https://perma.cc/4UJTUMHP]. 41 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 42 of 73 charges against him so that he may present his defense and not . . . be taken by surprise” and to “protect the accused against another prosecution for the same offense.” Smarr v. State, 732 S.E.2d 110, 115 (Ga. Ct. App. 2012). One of these cases deserves particular attention. The majority argues that DeFrancis v. Manning, 271 S.E.2d 209 (Ga. 1980), demonstrates “[t]hat the prosecutor must select and identify the relevant statutory locational element” when charging Georgia burglary. Maj. Op. at 22. I take it that by this the majority means that the prosecutor must specify whether the store, restaurant, or dwelling burglarized was in a building or a railroad car. But DeFrancis demonstrates no such thing. In DeFrancis, the Georgia Supreme Court upheld a lower court’s decision overturning a defendant’s conviction for burglarizing a truck. 271 S.E.2d at 210. The appellate court held the conviction was invalid because Georgia law only criminalized entering without authority “any . . . vehicle . . . designed for use as the dwelling of another,” id. (quoting O.C.G.A. § 26-1601 (1968)), and “no proof was offered at trial that the truck was ‘designed for the use as the dwelling of another.’” Id. For the same reason, the DeFrancis court held that the indictment was flawed because it failed to allege that the truck was designed as a dwelling. See id. This omission was not error because—as the majority incorrectly surmises—Georgia burglary indictments must always include a single type of location. The question in DeFrancis was not whether the burglary occurred in a 42 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 43 of 73 truck versus a building, but rather whether the truck met the statute’s requirement that it be designed for use as a dwelling. Thus, the indictment in DeFrancis was flawed because it did not allege a crime at all.8 In other words, DeFrancis did not bar a burglary indictment from listing “building, dwelling, truck, or railroad car designed for use as a dwelling.” It merely said that an indictment must specify a location that the statute makes it a crime to enter. The majority’s many indictment cases are unhelpful because they offer no answer to the determinative question: at trial, what must a Georgia jury find beyond a reasonable doubt to convict the defendant of burglary? See Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2248. Lloyd and the many cases approving jury instructions similarly listing burglary’s elements, by contrast, answer that very question: the jury must find that the defendant entered a building or dwelling, but not whether it was a building or a dwelling or what type of dwelling. The Georgia burglary statute thus is indivisible as between buildings and all types of dwellings, including vehicles, boats, and railroad cars. B. The Record of Mr. Gundy’s Convictions Fails to Prove Georgia Burglary Is Divisible. We need not (indeed, may not) look past clear Georgia law, which should end our inquiry. But given our disagreement about the import of the cases it cites 8 Burglary did not cover non-dwelling automobiles, and the crime of illegally entering an automobile was not enacted until two years after Mr. DeFrancis’s conviction. See O.C.G.A. § 16-8-18; see also Ga. L. 1976, p. 186, § 1. 43 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 44 of 73 and the cases I cite above, the majority and I can agree that perhaps Georgia law is at least ambiguous on the elements-versus-means question. The Supreme Court advised us in Mathis that “if state law fails to provide clear answers [about a statute’s divisibility], federal judges have another place to look: the record of a prior conviction itself.” 9 136 S. Ct. at 2256. Unfortunately, though, the language 9 While I undertake this analysis for the sake of argument, I am skeptical that the language in one person’s indictment alone could ever establish that a statute is divisible. Mathis dictates that courts “may look only to the elements of the offense, not to the facts of the defendant’s conduct.” 136 S. Ct. at 2251 (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). If we were to conclude that Georgia’s burglary statute is divisible solely on the language in Mr. Gundy’s indictments, I fear we would be violating this foundational precept. Didn’t Mathis expressly authorize inquiry into the language of a defendant’s indictments? Yes and no. Yes, Mathis allowed recourse to record documents like indictments, but not, in my view, in a way that would allow a defendant’s indictments alone to prove conclusively that a statute is divisible. To be sure, Mathis provided relatively little guidance to courts taking the “peek” it authorized into record documents. Id. at 2256. The opinion included three examples of situations where such documents could help answer the divisibility question. The first two examples described circumstances demonstrating conclusively that a statute is indivisible. In contrast, the third example outlined a scenario indicating that a statute could be divisible: “[A]n indictment and jury instructions could indicate, by referencing one alternative term to the exclusion of all others, that the statute contains a list of elements, each one of which goes toward a separate crime.” Id. at 2257. This third example is quite different from the first two—both of which employed deductive methods to determine that a statute was indivisible—because it relies on reasoning by induction. Just because the indictment in one case lists a particular statutory term to the exclusion of others does not necessarily mean that term is an element. If any jury in the state validly could convict a defendant without deciding among multiple statutory terms, then those terms are means, not elements. By the same token, a prosecutor’s decision to include only one of those terms in a given indictment does not necessarily mean that term is an element. Indeed, Mathis instructed us on the relative strength of the conclusions to be drawn from its three examples. Where the first two examples provided “as clear an indication as any” that a statute was indivisible, the third example “could indicate” that a statute is divisible. Id. (emphasis added). What’s more, the meager record we have in this case would render this third example even more equivocal if we found it applied here. Mathis’s third example concerns “an indictment and jury instructions.” Id. (emphasis added). The inclusion of jury instructions is 44 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 45 of 73 in Mr. Gundy’s indictments—the only record documents we have available—is itself too ambiguous to “satisfy Taylor’s demand for certainty when determining whether a defendant was convicted of a generic offense.” Id. at 2257 (internal quotation marks omitted). Mr. Gundy’s burglary indictments charge him with burglarizing either a “dwelling house” or a “business house.” The two indictments charging Mr. Gundy with burglarizing a “dwelling house” cohere with the majority’s hypothesis that “dwelling house” is one of several alternative locational elements in the statute, meaning that the statute is divisible among the types of locations that can be burglarized. The term “dwelling house” does, after all, appear in the list of alternative locations in the statute. See O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1(a) (2011). But the other indictments charging Mr. Gundy with burglarizing a “business house” seem to contradict the majority’s hypothesis. Nowhere does § 16-7-1 reference a “business house.” See id. We can probably safely assume that these significant because they must always include the crime’s elements, that is, “what the jury must find beyond a reasonable doubt to convict the defendant.” Id. at 2248. Here, because Mr. Gundy pled guilty to each of his prior burglary offenses, “the closest analogs to jury instructions would be . . . the statement of factual basis for the charge, shown by a transcript of plea colloquy or by written plea agreement presented to the court, or by a record of comparable findings of fact adopted by the defendant upon entering the plea.” United States v. Shepard, 544 U.S. 13, 20 (2005). Unfortunately, though, the only records we have of Mr. Gundy’s guilty pleas are his signatures on the various indictments charging him. The record before us includes neither jury instructions nor plea colloquies. Mathis in no way suggests that indictments alone could be enough to indicate with sufficient “certainty” to satisfy Taylor that the statute is divisible. Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2257 (internal quotation marks omitted). In my view, one person’s indictments, standing alone, are simply too inconclusive to prove a statute divisible. 45 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 46 of 73 business houses were buildings, but because “business house” appears nowhere in the text of the statute, that the burglary occurs in a business house cannot be an element of the crime. 10 And if some of Mr. Gundy’s indictments did not charge the location of the burglary as an element, why should we assume that the others— referencing “dwelling house[s]”—did? We cannot make this unfounded assumption. Thus, even taking Mathis’s “peek at the record,” Mr. Gundy’s indictments point in opposite directions and therefore fail to answer the question whether the types of locations listed in Georgia’s burglary statute are elements or means. Mathis instructs courts what to do when state law and the records of a conviction are inconclusive regarding a statute’s divisibility. When these sources do not “speak plainly,” courts “will not be able to satisfy Taylor’s demand for certainty when determining whether a defendant was convicted of a generic offense.” Mathis, 136 S. Ct. at 2257 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Maj. Op. at 14 (recognizing this limitation). In my view, state law does speak plainly in this case, and as a result, I would hold Georgia’s burglary statute to be 10 Georgia law confirms the general proposition that the elements of a crime are derived from the text of the statute creating that crime. The state’s criminal code provides that “[n]o conduct constitutes a crime unless it is described as a crime in [the code] or in another statute of this state.” O.C.G.A. § 16-1-4. The code further provides that one of its “general purposes” is “[t]o define that which constitutes each crime. . . .” Id. § 16-1-2(3). Taken together, these portions of the code mean that all Georgia crimes are statutory and that the criminal code itself defines each crime. Because the term “business house” does not appear in the text of Georgia’s burglary statute, it cannot be part of that crime’s definition, so it cannot be an element. See id. § 16-7-1(a). 46 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 47 of 73 indivisible. But even rejecting clear Georgia case law, the majority acknowledges that perhaps Georgia law is at least ambiguous. See Maj. Op. at 27. It then argues that the terms “dwelling house” and “business house” in Mr. Gundy’s indictments satisfy Taylor’s demand for certainty that his convictions were for generic burglary. Maj. Op. at 27. This conclusion misconceives the appropriate inquiry under Mathis at this stage of the analysis: whether the indictments demonstrate that Georgia’s burglary statute lists elements not means. 136 S. Ct. at 2256–57. The majority should acknowledge that the two terms found in Mr. Gundy’s indictments—one of which cannot be found in the text of the statute and therefore cannot be an element—provide insufficient clarity to conclude that Georgia’s burglary statute is divisible. II. CONCLUSION Today, contrary to state case law by which we are bound, the majority declares Georgia’s burglary statute divisible and therefore capable of qualifying as a violent felony under ACCA. Not only is the decision the majority makes today wrong in Mr. Gundy’s case, but it likely will also substantially increase the prison terms of scores of future defendants. In recent years, around 700 defendants each year have been convicted in this Circuit of being a felon in possession of a 47 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 48 of 73 firearm. 11 Such a conviction ordinarily carries “a 10-year maximum penalty.” See id. at 2248. But ACCA imposes a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence where a defendant has been convicted of three violent felonies, including generic burglary. See id. In the 32 years that the version of Georgia’s burglary statute we interpret today was in effect, tens of thousands of defendants were imprisoned for committing burglary in Georgia.12 In fact, burglary is the most common crime for which people are imprisoned in Georgia. 13 These numbers, when considered together, mean that thousands of defendants stand to have their sentences increased by at least five years each based on the majority’s decision today. This ruling, which I believe is contrary to Georgia law, will have a monumental impact and, in my view, result in the unlawful incarceration of scores of inmates. I would hold Georgia’s burglary statute indivisible, vacate Mr. Gundy’s sentence, and remand for resentencing without an ACCA enhancement. I respectfully dissent. 11 From 2011 through 2015, 3,398 defendants in the Eleventh Circuit were convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm. See U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Number of Offenders Convicted of Felon in Possession, 11th Circuit, Fiscal Years 1996 through 2015 (generated Oct. 24, 2016) (on file with the Clerk). 12 From 2005 through 2011, 17,077 defendants were imprisoned for burglary, an average of over 2,400 a year. See Ga. Dept’t of Corrections, Inmate Statistical Profile, Inmates Admitted During CYs 2005–2011, available at http://www.dcor.state.ga.us/Research/Annual_CY_profile_ inmate_admissions [https://perma.cc/6L8R-UPH4]. 13 Burglary was the most common crime for which people were imprisoned every year between 2005 and 2011 except 2006 and 2007. See id. 48 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 49 of 73 Appendix Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 50 of 73 ACCUSA.T ION NO. OOCJ 2 '7 WASHINGTON SUPERIOR COURT, DECZ1'ZR TERM, 2000 STATE OF GEORGIA Charge: BurgJ.ary NATHAN EDWIRD GUNDY ACCUSATION Filed in office, this _____ day of Th11-L , 2OL. • &M(AJ SUPERIOR COURT The defendant, NAI'H.N EDWARD GUNDY, waives being formally arraigred, waives copy of accusation, and p1eds r)iI 7 This _____ day of Ji-cL_ , 20 J. DEFENDANT (::1 7f/t1' i DEFENDANT' S A"TOPEY / /)í'ñ/ DISTRId' ATTORNE? WITNESSES FOR TRE ST7tT: Erad enn8dy, .3PD ...avid Erni: J!aty Al t1: ' :':. __ •! .•,• ,.' I • a 'I jL I. - _7 , Wi'i' C.c_Y/ USAO-000 17 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 51 of 73 ZN THE StPERIOR COURT OF WASHINGO CQt3lfl'Y STATE OF GEORGIA ETATE OF GEORGIA * * * v. Accuzation Wo. OO-f2.i Dece-Inber erin, 2000 * * * NATHJ..N EDWARD GtJNDY * Eu.rglary ACCUSATION On behalf of the people of the State of Georg ia, the undersigned District Attorney or duly appointed ssista nt District: Attorney for the Middle Judicial Circuit of Gecrgia, as prosecuting attorney for the county and state aforesaid, •3es hereby charge and accuse NATHAN EDWARD Gt7ND'( with the offense of EtTRGt ARY (O.C.G.A. 16-7-1); for that the said accused on tYUly 12, 2000, in the county aforesaid, did then and there unlawfull.', without autho rity, and with the intent to c•nit a theft therein, enter the busin house of another, to wit: David Bernice :-artiey d/b/a E-Z ess Coin Laundry, located at East NcCartv Street, Sandersville, Georg ia, contrary to the laws of the state of Georgia, the good order, peace, and dignity thereof. /7 This __________ dcv of ____________ ____ Assistant bistrict Attorney Office of the District Attorney ?ost Office Drawer J Swainsboro, Georcia 30401 p178) 237-Th46 USO -000 174 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 52 of 73 CONSENT DO FILING OF ACCUSATION', WAIVER OF GtAND JURY INI)ICThENT, WAIVER OF TORY TRThL, PLEA OF GUILTY The accused having been bound over t the superior court of said county or being confined in jail erding coimiitment trial or being in jail, having waived commitment trial, does hereby expressly waive indictment by grand jury in accordan:e with the appropriate Drovisjons of law; and The aforenared accused expressly consents to the filing of the foregoing accusation by the istrict Attorney; and The afcrened accused expressly consents that the judge of said superior court may open the court at this tiic without the presence of either grand jury or traverse jury to receive and act upon the plea of the aforenamed accused; and The aforenamed accused expressly waives trial by jury arid consents to trial by the judge alone without the intervention of a jury upon the foregoing accusation by the District Attorney; and The aforenaxnc-d accused acknowledges that, before any action herein indicated, the accused has been fully advised as to a.l of his rights in connection with all of the rat:rs here concerted, and all of the actiori herein taken by him has been taken by him with full knowledge of all such legal rights; and The aforenamed accused acknowledges that, prior to any of the actions taken by the accused in this matter, the accused has been fully advised as to his rights to the services of an attorney at law in all stages of the proceeding against the accused; and accused has been advised that in the event he is unable to employ an attorr.ey the court will aPPoint an attortey to represent the accused; and the accused acknowledges that the court in this instance expressly offered to appoint an attorney to advise and reDresent the accused. Upon the foregoing accusation, including each arid every charge and count therein contained, the aforenarra. accused waives formal arraigruient, waives copy and list cf witnesses, and pleads guilty. Thiz _______ day o ________________________. 20 .4-,- - jJJ.jccused 'i _______________ 1r / /' , V , 1 ' I / 1 --! --' - //' 1 USAO-0001 75 0 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 53 of 73 r IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF ____________________ STATE OF GEORGIA C:.E.L ACTION !O. OF:SEs) vs. // ;1 jf LbJ At p' NANT GEORGIA CR - I'Z a LF) '('f//I ;çî COUNTY TER1, )dI FINAL DISPOSITTc:: C 34TEOPIATED C-UILri OW COT3NT(S) _________ o NOLO CONTEtITDE E CCL'NT3} J TO .EsER £NCLUDED C DT / 0 lN-tj CtijLTf 0 D!AD DOCKET ORDIP 0W _______________________ tIL! CF ItCLUEED OES) O________________ C ON COtWr(S} C NOLL POQJ OoR TJ LTY OW CT ____________________ c)T.I:T { - D?ITIO: LNT() _______________ ___________________________ -i-jj Z-' iEREAS, th above-named deferdazt has been foucz :uicy o: thc above-statEd offense(s) , it is hereby ORDERED X.ND ADJUDGED bt c'e CCUrC chat the said defndan sente:ced hereby is coirer.t to or a period of -P c r r , )Lv_ )-Ia-i n the State Penal ocher ins:ictiC:.. s the Comrn,ssoner of the St.te eartrrent of Cor o:cns or the C::: ra; direct, to be corncitd as provided by law. DEJifl ATI'OR!TEY LLW. C_____ IS SO ORDERED, 1r :h: Offi:e 7r_.-/ CO(JNY V L-'7tji' u:e::: - .:-:i:-qv (A?OThTM1fl. 1t / / ___ :1!- _// 2 1icEdi /iu.: -::. _____ :x;u2.: of USAO-OCU17 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 54 of 73 ACCUSATION NO. OC,Zi WASHINGTON SUPERIOR C0URT, DECBEB TERN , 2000 STATE OP GEORGIA vs. Charge: Burglary NATB.AN EDWARD GUNDY ACCUSAT IOM Filed in office, this _____ day of _______________ __ 2QL. (?it4 CL-R!L SUPERIOR COURT The defendant, NATH2.N EDWARD GUNDY, iaives beir arraig-ned, waives copy 9€ accusation, and p1ads 62i/h formally . This j day of 1 , 20 0! (IjAfCLJ DEFEIDANT )i) ,j DEFENDANT S ATTNE DISTR±CT ATTNY WITNESSES FOR THE STATE: ra3 SPE Dvi•. r':c ErtcT? _.--- :: ti-, ---- r" _L; USJL)-O00 77 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 a Page: 55 of 73 IN TEE SUPERIOR COURT OF WA5iIN GTO1 COtThY STATE OF GEORGtA STATE OF GEORGIA * * * vs - Accusation No. OOC2 Decanther Term, 2000 * * * NATH.AM EDWARD GUHDY * Burglary ACCUSATION On behalf of the eople of the State of Georgia, the undersigned District Attorney or duly apoinced Assistant Dis trict Attorney for the Middle Judici al Circuit of Georgia, as prosec uting attorney for the county and sta te aforesaid, does hereby cbarge and. accuse MATfl EDWA?D GtYNDY ,ith the offense of BURGLARY (O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1); for that the said accused on August 23, 2000, in the county aforesaid, dId then and there unlawfully, without author ity1 and with the intent to cormit a theft therein, enter the bus iness house of another, to wjt Dav id Bernice Hartley d/b/a S-Z Coin Laundry, located at Sast i.c Carty Street, Sandersvi1l, Geo rgia, contrary to the laws of the state of Georgia, the good order, peace, and dignity thereof. This _________ __ dcv o _________ _________ __, 20 _1/ /,6f Ass.stanc D?strct kttorney Office of the District Attorney Post Office Drawer J Swainshoro, Georgia 30401 (478) 237-7846 CC'017 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 0 Page: 56 of 73 CONSEN'I L'O FILING OF ACCØSATION, WAIVER DP' GRAND JURY INDICNT, WAIVER OP JtJRY TRIAL, PLEA OP GUILTY The accused having been bound over to the superior court of said county or being c fined in jail er.ding coninitinant trial or being in jail, having waiied comznit rnent trial, does hereby expressly waive indictment by grand jury in accordance with the appropriate rovisior.s of law; and The aforenainad accused expressly consents to the filing of the foregoing accusation by the District Atto rney; and The aforenaried accused expressly cons ents that the judge of said superior court may open the cour t at this time without the presence of either grand jury or traverse jury to receive d act uoon the ilea of the aforenamed accused; and The aforenained accused expressly waives tria l by jury and consents to trial by the judge alone without the in:ervention of a jury upon the foregoing accusation by the Dist rict Attorney; and The aforena.med accused acknowledges that, before any action herein indicated, the accused has been full y advised as to all of his rights in connection with all of the matt ers here concerned arid all of the action herein taken by him has been taken by him with full knowledge of all such legal rights; and The aforenamed accused acknowledges hac, prior t any of the actions taken by the accused in this matt er, the accused has been fully advised as to his rights to the serv ices of an attorney at law in all stages of the P:c.ceeding against the accused; and accused has been advised that in the even t he is unable to employ an attorney the cour: will apcoint an attornc-y to represent the accused; and the accused acknowle dges that the court in this instance expressly offered to appoint an ac:crney to advise and represent the accsd. Upon the ±oregong accusation, includina each and every charge and count therein contained, the aforenee d accused waives fornal arraigriient, waives cony and list of wi:nsses, and pleads guilty. This _______ day of _________________________, 20_0/ Accused 7/', ' j?',i- -2 p.- -:•' / / //' USAO-1itJ 79 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 IN THE SUPERIOR COiJ?T OF Page: 57 of 73 __________________ COUNTY, GEORGIA STATE OF GEORGIA C?IMINAL ACTION tO. V3. OFFENSE(S) _________________________ /VL. '/J 2.#4/ y j '?ff f7 0 QCR FEIDANT FINAL - DISPOSITION OrEER DISPOSITIC DyEGOT IATD cUiiry ON COUTS) _________ 0 NOt0 CCNTENDERE ODUNT S) ___________________ 0 TO LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE(S) ___________________ O COUNT(S) _________________ COLT J !OLE ROSEQU OPDER ON COUNT(S) ______________________ NO? GUILTY ON _______________ U D!D OCXET ORDER ON :OJNrS) _____________________ ______________ F INCLUDED OFFE (1 OF ___________ N CNT(5) __________________ WHEREAS, the above-arnd dferant has been found cuilty of the above-stated offensa(s) , i is herez ORDER AND JUflGED v the Ccr ha che said defndanz is h.rby ntnced, con ie to for a eriod of -y Cr) Cv,ett ic- -t-Lt' e-.t J/t.'c j.,4 ..e,-id in th State ?na1 yst ohr ins::::ca t: ComrnissiDr.er of or su the State epartnent cf C rcions or the Ccur: y direct, to be computed as orovde by law. 1/ ThE DEDANT 'S RE?RESENT E -I (_/ ATTOPJEY AT LAW OF_____________________ COUNTY, ;R;:.:. IT IS SO ODERED chi £J4 c. s•!: (?.PpOflT1EWt. -i-I-_____ Filed I:'. Cf±ce Thi. .2?. 7) USAO-000 180 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 ACCUSATION NO. D Page: 58 of 73 OOc-QI9 WASHINGTON SDPERIOR COURT, DEC EMBER TERM, 2000 STATE OF GEORGIA v. Charge: Burglary Cl NATFL7LN EDWARD GUNDY ACCUSATION Filed in office, chis 1' u, YY1aJ day o 9/. 0.QL. (!i CLP, SUPERIOR COURT The defendant, NATHAN EDWARD GtINDY, waives bei.ng formal1y arraigned, waives coov of acc usation, and peads J7L // This /rCLday of , 20 Q,L. &&J^T DEFENDANT L-) WITNESSES FOR TE STATE: Brad Kenned-i, 5D Michael Joel ' 'hran, EFC 111 24urpLriv ?irby Hal! rr r-r '1 £ r ;..-:. - - :. ----• -- -r r rnpv Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 59 of 73 Z LIJOO-OVEfl Case: 14-12113 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 0 Page: 60 of 73 CONSENT TO FILING O ACCU2ATIOfl, WAIVER OF GRAND ITDRY flDICTT, WAIVER OF tYRY TRI, PLEA OF GUILTI The accused having been bound over to he superior court of said county or being confined in jail pending corthcinen t trial or being in jail, having waived coinmitmet trial, does hereby expressly waive indictm.nt by grand jury in accordance with the appropriate provisions of law; and The aforenamed accused exnresslv consents to the filing of the foregoing accusation by the District Attorney; and The aforenamed accused expressly consents that the judge of said superior court may onen the court at this tine without the presence of either grand jury or traverse jury to recei ve and act upon the plea of the aforenamed accused; and The aforenained accused expressly waives trial by jury and consents to trial by the judge alone without the inter vention of a jury upon the foregoing accusation by the District Attor ney; and The aforenarned accused acknowledges thatr before any action herein indicated, the accused has been fuly. advised as to all of his rights in connection with all of the matters here concerned, and all of the action herein taken by hin has been taken by him with full knowledge of all such legal :ights; and The aforenarned accused acknowledges that, orior to any of the actions taken by the accused in this matter, the accus ed has been fully advised as to his rights to the se.rices of an attorney at law in all stages of the proceeding against the accu sed; and accused has been advised that in the event he is unable to employ an attorney the court will aoooint an attorney to repre sent the accused; and the accused acknowledges that the court in this instance expressly offered t appoint an attorney to advise and reoresent the accsei. Upon the foregoing accusation, including each and every charge and count therein cnr.ained. the aforenamed accused waive s formal arraigmrnent, weivs v ard list of witnesses, and pleads guilty. This _______ nay of _______________ ____________, 20 7) c cused - '7 p' A - r, :ccs ,' _/ Distrir :-'-:ne USAO-000 183 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 0 Page: 61 of 73 __________________ COUNTY, GEORGIA CRIMINAL ACTIO'I O. STATE OF GEORGIA o c. / OFFEQS(S) ______________________ vs. A4 /' I E - , , TERM, DEFEflDANT gf/7 2. jf' FINAL DISPOSITION 0 OTR DS?O5IT:QN o •E?.O!CT: i.JtJy o -'t / 0 C-UXLTY ON O o COUNT(S) C NOLO CO ZNDE :V1JtLTy COtET (S) _________ COUNT(S) 0 0 NOT GUILY ON ___________________ ___________________ OLLI ?R0SEt7i •DPJER COJNT(S) - ______________ 0 D!A DCT ORDEP. ON COtTS) _____________ 0 GUILT OF I!CLUDED O TO LESSER tNCLtJ!f3 FENsE(S) __________________ E(5} o__________________ CW 2OJ(S) O COUNT(S) _______________ -- Ni'4i_. tj rL.v1 Y-Z.LJ been found gi1ty of the above-stated WHEREAS, the above-naaed defendant D IJUDGED by the Court that che said of fense(), it is hereby OP-DERED Deriod of a for confin.een to sentenced1 hereby is defndant ,t- re/ec (4r'C Cr) C--J - T*- .c ouch ocher in icuion as the Conrnissioner of in the State Penal Sy y direct, to be computed Deoartrnent of Corrections or the Cotirt th State as orovided by law. R!P TE DEFEND14T ATTO?.NEY .T LAW, Q? T IS SO ORDERED, _ ? this Filed In Office This Day of 2-4_L' I- i Cr:-z c-.ii CCA3LE SNTE / -1- I ,.I (A?OTMNT1. CO(NT1, C-SCA day of _____ 7 Jt!d, Sejcr C.urc of LL3 County tidd1e Jd..a1 Circui: of uperior Ccu:: 7 USAO-000i 4 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 62 of 73 ACCUSTXON NO. WAINGTON SUPERIOR COURT, DECE}ER TERN, 2000 STATE OF GEORGIA vs. Charges: 8urglaty (Two Counts) NATEAN EDWARD GUNDY ACCUSATION Filed in office, this ji_ day of iaa_Ji , 20L. c2i. CLRd. SUFERIOR COURT The defendant, AThAU EDWAPD GUND, waives beinc formally arraigied, waives cofly of accusation, and Dicads This day of 20 L. _______ _______________, /Lftfr4 a DFFENflNT __) DISTRICT ATTO?.1Ey ITNSSES FOR THE STATE: rd s !rk A. 3ac, S? Cavid rr.i :auli -s:: çuncoi :r:s Rashaci :s Lur ' - Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 63 of 73 IN TEE SU?E.IOR COURT OF WASRI1GTON COUNTY STATE OF GEORGIA STATE OF GEORGIA * * Accusation No. December Term, * vs. QczQ..t3I 2000 * * * NATEAN EDWARD GUNDY * urg1ary (Two Counts) ACCUSAT I ON Count 1: On behalf of the people of the State of Georgi a, the undersigned District Attorney or duly appointed Assistant District Attorney for the Niddle Judicial Circuit of Georgia, as prosec uting attorney for the county and state aforesaid, does hereby charge and accuse kTRAN EDARD GUDY with the offense f BURGL.A.RY (O.C.G.A. 16-7-1).; for that the said accused on December 12, 2000, in the county aforesaid, dLd then and there unlawfully, without autho rity, and with the intent to corrrnit a theft therein, enter the busin ess house of another, to wit: David ernice :azoley d!b/a. E-Z Coin Laundry, located at East McCarty Street, Sanderevilla, Georg ia, contrary to the laws of the state of Georgia, the good order, peace, and dignity thereof. count 2: The undersigned, as orosecuting attorney for the county and state aforesaid, does further charge and accuse NTRAN EDWARD GUNDY with the offense of BtJRLARY (O.CG.A. § 16-71); for that the said accused on December 14, 2000, in the county aforesaid, dId then and there unlawfully, witho ut authority, and with the intent to commit a theft therein, enter the business house of another, to wit: David Earnice Hartley dib(a E-Z Coin L.aun dry, located at East Mccarty Street, Sandereville, Georgia, contra ry to the laws of the state of Georgia, the good order , peace, and dignity thereof. This / - day of / _______________ _______, / ssomi::t / ,w'//6" tr:ev Oifi:e of t:: t:i:t A-ev ?csc Off:ce Drr J Swansb,rc, Gc;j. (47 237-7.4E LrSAO-COO O 0 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 64 of 73 L CONSN'I' TO FILING OF ACCUSATION, WAIVER OF GRAND RY INDICTN'1', WAI1TR OF JURY TRIAL, PLPJs. O GJItJTY The accused having been bound over to ce suDe said county or being confined in jail pending cortn rior court of itment trial or being in jail, having waived commitnent trial , does hereby expressly waive indictment by grand jury in cccrd ance t,qj the appropriate provisions of law; and The aforenarned accused ecpressly consents to the filin g of the foregoing accusation by the District Attorney; and The aforenamed accused expressly consents that the judge of said suDerior court may ooen the court at this time without the presence of either grand jury or traverse jiry to receive and act upon the plea of the aforenamed accused; arid The aforenamed accused expressly waives trial by jury and consents to trial by the judge alone without the inter vention of a jury upon the foregoing accusation by the District Attorney; and The aforenamed accused ackrowledges that, before any action herein indicated, the accused has been fully advis ed as to all of his rights in connection with all o the matters here concerned, and all of the action herein taken by him has been taken by him with full knowledge of all such legal rights; arid The aforer.aned accused acknowledges that, prior to actions taken by the accused in this matter, the accus any of the ed has bean fully advised as to his rights to the serv,ces of an attorney at law in all stages of the proceeding against the accused; and accused has been advised that in the event he is unabl e to employ an attorney the court will aPpoint an attorney to represent the accused; and the accused acknowledges thc the court in this instance exoresslv offered t appoint an attorney to advise and represent the accused. Upon the foregoing accusation, including each and every charge and count therein contained, the aforenamed accused waives formal arra rent, waives cov.r nc list of 'icnesses, and pleads guilty. This _______ day of 20 _1txt. Accused ;4 (1 - ) ;tcorn-, fc.r J.ccuse$ _..7 i.tri: I. , .• ,, /, ---- Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF 0 Page: 65 of 73 __________________ CIT4INAL ACTION STATE 0? GEORGIA CFFENBE(Sj COUNTY, GEORGIA 00 CRI3 O. L1rJ.,7 -// J-2 vs. IJL44 Jijfr,d C74 O$ __________________TERM, DEFENDANT 7)(/'J FINAL DISPOSITION 0 a DT3EF. DIS?OITIC•N a /a NCN-JTJ a cr'NEGOTIATED C0tJNT( GUILTY 014 COUNT(S) _____________________ 0 NOT c: c O NOLO CON NtE ON COUNT(S) __________ CCtN(3j _____________________ a um CF :NcLuDE1 o TO LZSSR INCLUDED OFFENSE(S) __________________ O5!S) CF________________ O!ñ ON CC4JNT(S) CCLT(S C NOL1LE PROSEQIJI OROE CCUNT(S) ON ______________ 0 DE.D DOc:ET OP.DR CGJNTSJ ______________ ___________________ _________________ WHERE?S, the above-named defendant has been found ui1tv of the above-stated off2nse(s), it is hereby ORDERED ?D ADJEYDGED by th Court that Lhe said sentenced to confinement for a period hereby is of defendant _Ji ,i J i ,'yr Cr J• 1.t ç,-i1( . -1 in the State Penal 5ystern or such other istitutica as the Commissioner of y direct, to be computed the State DeDartment of Correctior.s r the Cur a provided by law. TFE DEEEiDkT W.S RPESZNTE.) Y tTTO?.NEY Ji L.34, OF 7 T I SO ORDERED, this / 1 Jr CR.LE CUNT'. -_' i/ p-i day of ____ _/frf/ 3: {XPP0IW1EN;) / _____________ >I1( :-. Office T:s j_' ___________ r:r u:.r? uS-ong2 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 66 of 73 INDICTENT NO. c g , ?SRINGTON SUPERIOR COURT, DECEZR 2004 STATE OF GEQRQIA ye. Charge: Burglary iATHA.N E7tBD GtflDY INDI CTMENT 7 Returned in open court by the grand jury bai1if, announced the court, and !iled in office, this day of 20 O-' _______________ $2i CLER., L1/ £UERIOR CJ1J.? - The deenden, ______________________________ waives being forna11y araigned1 6z..-,j 20'5, ¶'ITNESSS waives cooy This '' of dy r indicjnen, and / OR THE STATES )F •i TI-l:t;vI r ?.EA CF u1rYs 'c 'C .::i, rr.n oleads - 3?2 Yr:ar -,F.) - 4'? .-L_--A h ' ,Ii-!. I / GL.TY r^Y CF v .i k - '-.<_____ usi'o-oouioi Case: 14-12113 I Date Filed: 11/23/2016 a Page: 67 of 73 THE SUPERIOR CODRT OF WASHINGTON COTJ1TY STATE OF GEORGIA INDICTMENT NO. The grand jurors selected, chosen, and sworn for said county, to-;d.t: Kevin S. Morris Lewis N. West, Foreoerson Foreperson Geraldine S. White Evelyn J. Huntley, .ASSista.flt Judith A. ?ate Pendry W. Braswell, Clerk Sandy L. Stric)ciand Michelle R. ClarLeon E. Anthony 11 Patricia E. Rountree Clarence Hodges Robert L. Jenkins Sandra Martin Denise B. Dixon lizabech Lenar Brenda W. T4ilscn Benjan.in A. l1en DanieL G. May Judy H. Pea Mainie L. Miles David Ir'zin Victor Royal Daniel L. Jones in the name and behalf of the citizens of Georgia, charge and DWRD GTThDY with the offense f BURGLkRY (O.C.G.A. accuse NATE1 EWA.RD GUNDY On the said NATH.A 16-7-1) for Decether 9, 2003, in the cnty aforesaid, did then and there unlawfully, without authority, and with the intent to commit a th delliz-g house o another, to wit: theft therein, a Ci-tifon Jones, 1cated at 403 Grand Street, Sandrsv±lle. Georgia, tontrary to th la.:s of the s:e of Gecria. the oo order, r.rereof. eace, and WASHINGTON SIJPERIOR COURT DECE19ER TERIl, 2004 STEVE ASREW DISTRICT AT'rOR.NY USAO.0U02ü2 Case: 14-12113 ONALO5PSJTI3U Date Filed: 11/23/2016 - a Page: 68 of 73 sc_ THE SUPERIOR COURT OF______________ THE STATE COUNTY, GEORGJ& FINAL DIPOS1T1ON Ti.MLAcrlON NO. q-c- f ItFFS'JSE(S) _________ ______________ vs. z, W1-t-kJ_ om -uy___ frp lI3C7_(I3t2 _________________TERM. 2O LEA: - 4)NEooruTEo ZUILTY ON COUNT(S) oNOLO CONTENDERE tN 0 J1RY flNONJLiRY I OTO LESSER RCLL;DED OFFENSE(S) _____________ ON COUNT(S) COUNTS) ____________ Ci '.OTG1flL1Y ON COL1I(S) ___________o GULTY Oi INCLUDED OFFENSE(S) OF -_______ ON COUNTIS _________ COUNT(S) __________ - C \RDiCi 0 GL'IL'rYDN 0 OIlIER I)ISIOSrnON: ONOLLE PROSEQUI ORDER ON COUNT(S) ______________ o DEAD DOCKET ORDER ON COLN1() ________- (SEE SE1ARME ORDER) ______ RIiiritT,i.E i:fl VrJ, ILrzi i1t.1II Z.t)I. JFELONY SENTENCE 0 MtSDEME&iCR SENTEI\CE WHEREAS, the abo-named dcIendni has hen found vhy of th: k c-statel oiTcte, W1iEP.EUPON. it is ordered and wJjuded by the Court that: me said dcfcndan shhvsncd I .-incncrtt foT a period iiIt, in the tht/i'enaI Sy5tcrn or suth other insthution as the Coot nisskinecolthe S:n Department ci Cornaiions or Court may direct, ti computed as pm'ridcd by law, I1OWVER, ii is ñirthcr orere hvthe Court: I) TILAT the abore sentcnx msy be scrved on poba inn 02) THAT upon scricc or ________________________ olihe bo%c cuune. th rmndec 01 rnybc served on probation PROVIDED that the .aid detenant comp1s With th co:feig cn:raI 3nd other nditions herein imposed by the Court as part of ibis sentence. ___________________- '5 E.ERAL CONDITiONS OF PROBATION The defend,t. having hcn iat,d the pri'.1ee of icvinaJt or part of the abac.stted Ientene on pri.tion. hereby is entend to th following general conditions of prohtkin: tmrtceul unit. ) Det nt 1Iatc ihe crimir.al b of ait 2) Avoid injurious end v3ciou hits - epeial3y acahoIic I catiot and necc-tict ed other dengeous dus unlcst preseribed lawfully. j3) Avoid persons or p!acs oIdisrcpuiab!c t ianitjj1 diarsacr. Report to the Prob ioa-Psrole Supcrisu; as dir: ed and permit suh Sepervisor IC' vitit him(h:r) at home or clsuwhere. Worl fhlthfully at suitcbl employment insofar as may be poscib!c. Do not charte hisiher) pccscnI place of abci. nove tttidc the jurisdiction of the Court. or Icate the State for any pcriod of lime without prior pcrmssion oldie Proaiion Supervisor. Support his(hcr) egal dependents to thu best of hisher) ability. i) Prøhk,rtcr shall, from time to time upon oral or written rcqucsL y arty P;ctbacioo OhYir. prrJue a brith, uriui. and/or blood sccimert for anahis for the prssible presence of a suhttsnce rohibhed or cAlIolied by any law of the State of Gearitia or of the United Staics, COflIER CONDITIONS OF PRORATiON ii iS FuRTHER ORDERED rhi the detbndwi pay a ine in tire onmunt of_______________ - pus O or 1 (, hiehcer is less puruent to O.C.Ci.A. t5.2l-O. and pey rcstirumJon in ih; anlour.t of ____________:____________ Probation fce ______________ Court CoiLs A1ttirnc' feeL Peyracr.ts arc: ________-- IT IS THE FLRTi-IER ORDER of the Court, and the JIfn:unt is nereby adisei that ti-c C'urt ry, .tt any time, rcvoke wiyoondidons oftHs :obaton and!or di lmare .ir mS:f:n±i:it from prohaihr. •Fh ..... ,i:r::r sIiLdt be rri i-n armc5t fOr i.tiurt of any erntition ofpbtinn herein granted. l(stih probation Is r: kd, the Court nay order the ectutior. oite r.men.a w1ii1m was erieinal!v impos'J or mny portion thzmmeufln th. m.ulflcr prr jed mw 1.w citer dcJuctn tr:-e:.'-1 th a'rur.m nI:mme rme enant has served on m-ohatjon. The defermnt aas rcrosemicd by ti-c Forrorehi: . ttiorncv ci l.aw, P3St/47)'J Count', '..(Apr;mrirtr.i t,fl- 'Pt b:1 ( Uv.djC&.n (44j7 __ _r. jfude Suprcr Courts Middle .Judi iitllt OFSER\ ICE ____- I'it i.t mc' _errI. a.in:(_ ir tTLi .u4 .rr;el co' f i:. S. m. chose r: .-_. p r4rLje-i rr inti i:omr:.ri i:er "- -: i to t.: neant ar. imi: m C_rss,c: 1. Cc'n-i.rIn!. . - ..- .:.ct4 tLIVTXStV..t 'US-O- ")Ct2[13 Case: 14-12113 X Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 69 of 73 SUPERIOR COt.T O' STATE OF GEOP.GL TE ___________________ * STATE OF GEORGIA * * * vs. * Case Uo. rz- * pJ ?-th-V VA-i * ADDITION GENEL CONDITION OF PROEATION The orobainer sa11 subnit to eva!eaicns ar.d testinG :eLating to r.habiiitaton and carticiocta in and successfully complete rehabili:st:v. progrettiing as directed b' the deoartrnent. Ordered at WA^H-i?JE,TM1 Ci%Wfl/ :Er1AAJ:r: , 20 Geora, this _____ udge of the Su3eri.or Courts tidd1e Judicial Circuit Walter C. McMifla Jr. Chief Judge, Superior Courts Middle Judicial Circuit regarding this Ur sgr.tures has bee- iei -arad a cc; :.. r3 sane cnd!ticn cf pohacior is du.v inst:ucted sckiowledged by - USA O.O0O2 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 70 of 73 4 oc' ACctJSTION O. WASHTNGTOL'T SUPERIOR COURT, MkC TERN, 2006 STATE O GEORGIA CharGe: 3urg1ay v. NATRP.N EDWARD GUNDY ACCUSATION Filed in office, this 2O (t' d _______________, 2O. II W. L-J CL'RK' SUPERIOR COURT ive The deendanc. ZATHAN EDWARD Gr.TN]DY arraigred, waives copy o accusation, nd p1ads . , 20 rI day f This 2O beina fora1ly ., I7 I Ui DISTRICT kT'CPY WI'rNESSES STATE: OR T rad Zennedy1 SFD !:- r (-p ifw L l ' ,' 2vl SL r ----.-- -' 'Op : -.-.--- Lç. (1bi -' rrr U S Ci -0C0205 0 Case: 14-12113 IN T Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 71 of 73 SUPERIOR COURT O' FTASEIGTON cou1rrY STATE OF GEOGI STATE O GEORGIA * * vs. Aceuaation No. i'arch Tern, 2006 _______ * * * Burglary NAT SAN EDWARD GUND ACCUSATIOW On behalf of the ecp1e of the State of Georgia, the undersigned District Attorney or duly aoointed Assistant District Attorney for the Middle Judicial Circuit of Gecrg±a, as prosecuting attorney for the county and state aforesaid, does hereby charge and accuse NATFi EW.D UDY with the offense of BURGLARY (O.C.G.A. § 16-7-1.); for that the said accused on anu&ry 8, 2006, in the county aforesaid, did then and there unlawfully, without authority, and with the intent to ccr-nit a theft therein, enter the dwelling at located oxdan, McArthur wit: to another, of house Gergie, :cntrary to the laws of ervi1le, 321 Tybee Street, S the state of Georoja, the coed order, peace, and dianity thereof, This ___________ / day of ?.ssistant District 20 1 t:orney Office of the District Attorney Post Office Drawer Swainsboro, Georgia 30401 (473) 237-7846 USAO-000206 Case: 14-12113 Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 72 of 73 COUSE TO FILING OF ACCUSATION, WAIVER OF GtAND JURY INDICTMENT, WAIVER OF JURY TRIAL, PLEA OF GUILTY The accused having bean bound '.er to the superior court of said county or being confjne in jail pending ccixnitment trial or being in jail, having waived cc itmtr.t trial, dces hereby exoressly waive indictment by grand :ury in accordance with the apprøpriate provision. of law: and The afcrenamed accused exprassly ccrsen:s to the filing of the foregoing accusation by the District Attorney; and The aforenamed accused expressly c•sents that the judge of said superior court ay ornen the court at this time iithout the presence of either grand jury or traverse jury to receive and act upon the plea of the aforena'ed accused; and The aforenamed accused expressly waives trial by jury and the intervention of a consents to trial by the jude alone with jury uoon the foregoing accusation by the D:strict Attorney; and The aforcnamed accused acknowledges that, before any action herein indicated, the accused hs bei fully advised as to all of his rights .n connectcn with all of the 'r.atters iere concerned, and all of the action herein taken by him has been aken by hin with full knowledge of all such legal rights; and The aforena,ied accused acknowledges that, prior to ar.y of the actions taken by the accused in this matter, The accused has been fully advised as to his rights to the sevices o: an attorney at law in all stages of the proceeding against the accused; and accusod has been advised that in the event he is unable to employ an attorney the court will apoint an attorney to represent the accused; and the accused acknowledges that the court in this instance expressly offered o appont an attorney to advise and represent the accused. Jpon the foregoing accusation, incluin each and every charge and COunt therein concaine, the aforenaed accused waives formal 3reS cnoy and ist arr2r_'nh, i:esas, ar pleads guilty. Tis - ' day of /Z7,-./ _L?E€' LI V , 20 .'L,2c il/) ±1 ,-r--'- _________ --. Accsea I ,./ , / I-I ../ A /I'. USAO-000207 ) Case: 14-12113 NT Date Filed: 11/23/2016 Page: 73 of 73 ____ E?RiO COJPT OF - COUNTY, GEORCIA •:!cL :TT1 !D. ST.kTE OF GDRGZA 9) ______ _______________________ vs ,AM17+ TERM, ji/12-tr i1ALc D i14i 20 DT: FINAL DS?OSITION I5?CSITION 0 QTh 0 )OLO CO c3t5rZfS / COtJT(S ZD!RZ O1 couis 0 I:CLLDD O _____________ ____________________ 0 L-.) 0OCT CDZ O1 0 !;OT Gt3ILTY C COhT1S ___________________ 0 TO L1S51 0 !OLL ?OSQUI 0 coTIATFTh GUILTY O) _____________ ____________________ C? Z7CLLTD CZC) o____________ O7 CU1TS) ___________________ O C&TIS) _______________ .:=: ;i!_. it hs bn fcn -1tv cf th av-stat defn BERES, th a court thac t said offnoe(s), it !s hrby ORRD 1D AJOD:-Efl b oriod r a con imnt of to deendat is hrby sennd 5W7/V / 7-1 47J 9(12.4/ / !J m- U Jfr 4v I & If efc5 rfli^ 7 Cornrissioner of in th Stat Pna1 Syte or sci ot.hr inst:z:i3n as :h av direct, to ccrnput Ccuz: patret o Corr:tions or :b Sta: as tcwided by 1a. ?ODNT 'U P flESD r:ur v'. :'r :s i1'rfl!- TH L.ii,i-r2.S - _____________________ ' ::i:s _______ :'r".- 1Ti. _________________________- 1.- / ,--/-_._;• 2C -- Tce '_J_1J- I.. •.e::: :: c '. W&ter C. McMiUan Jr Chief Judge, Supe.ror CC'irt {dd Judicja Crcur (JSAO-000203
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