VH5 Capital, LLC v. Jeremiah Rabe
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IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE VH5 CAPITAL, LLC, Plaintiff, v. JEREMIAH RABE, Defendant. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) C.A. No. 2020-0315-NAC POST-TRIAL MEMORANDUM OPINION Date Submitted: February 1, 2023 Date Decided: June 30, 2023 Thomas G. Macauley, MACAULEY LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Plaintiff VH5 Capital, LLC. David G. Holmes, CROSS & SIMON, LLC, Wilmington, Delaware; Counsel for Defendant Jeremiah Rabe. COOK, V.C. In October 2017, a limited liability company called On Point Loyalty, LLC (or “OPL” for short) was formed to provide consulting services to companies operating airline loyalty programs. OPL had two members: Jeremiah Rabe, a longtime executive in the airline loyalty business, and VH5 Capital, LLC, an entity solely owned by a lawyer named Hugh Hill who also claimed to be the part-time general counsel of OPL. OPL operated for less than six months, never earned any profit or accumulated any assets, and was unilaterally dissolved by Rabe in April 2019 after almost a year of inactivity. From its formation to its dissolution, Rabe and VH5 never observed any corporate formalities in operating OPL. VH5 sued Rabe for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Both claims stem from Rabe’s unilateral dissolution of OPL. This dispute boils down to whether a consistent failure to observe corporate formalities absolves a member of liability for his continued failure to observe such formalities in dissolving an LLC. Perhaps unsurprisingly, I conclude that Delaware law will not countenance such policy. Following trial, I enter judgment for VH5 on its breach of contract claim. That said, I also conclude that VH5 failed to prove damages. In lieu of evidence or a coherent theory of damages, VH5 relied on speculation and hand-waving. therefore award nominal damages in the amount of one dollar. I I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND The trial record is limited. The parties introduced eighty-five joint exhibits and four deposition transcripts. In addition, VH5 introduced twenty supplemental exhibits at trial. Two fact witnesses—Hill and Rabe—testified live over the course of two days of trial. These are the facts as the court finds them after trial.1 A. Parties VH5 is a Delaware limited liability company having its principal place of business in New York, New York.2 Hugh Hill is VH5’s sole member.3 Hill is an attorney. 4 Hill describes himself as “an attorney, a banker, and a consultant.”5 Rabe is an individual currently residing in Texas.6 Rabe has been involved in the airline industry for many years and has primarily focused on airline loyalty programs.7 Joint trial exhibits are cited as “JX ___,” supplemental exhibits are cited as “SX ___,” exhibits lodged with the Court are cited as “Lodged Ex. __,” trial testimony is cited as “TT___ (Name),” and depositions are cited as “[Name] Dep. ___.” 1 VH5 Capital, LLC v. Jeremiah Rabe, C.A. No. 2020-0315-NAC, Docket (“Dkt.”) 78, Pretrial Stipulation and Order (“Pre-trial Stip.”) at ¶ 1. 2 3 Id. 4 Id. 5 TT7:9–22 (Hill). 6 Pre-Trail Stip. at ¶ 2. TT181:4–183:15 (Rabe) (stating that his first job following graduation from his MBA in 2005 was with Taca Airlines, where he eventually became the director of the loyalty program for the airline). 7 2 B. Formation of OPL While this dispute is one between Rabe and VH5 (as well as VH5’s sole owner Hill), a central character in the background is Nathaniel Felsher. At the time Rabe and Felsher met, Felsher was the head of aviation investment banking at Deutsche Bank.8 Rabe and Felsher had a close personal and business relationship.9 As described by Rabe on the original idea for OPL, [Felsher and I] had actually traveled to Europe together to explore an investment in a loyalty program of a European airline. That didn’t ultimately turn into anything, but we kept on talking. We went to, like, venture conferences together. And then, in 2017, towards the beginning, is when we started thinking more about this concept of [OPL] and doing consulting.10 In March 2017, Rabe and Felsher prepared a PowerPoint presentation that captured their “initial brainstorms” around OPL.11 This early presentation described OPL as “a specialized financing company that invests in travel technology with a focus on airline loyalty programs.”12 During the summer of 2017, Rabe and Felsher began to plan the business of OPL in earnest. Rabe personally paid a freelance graphic designer to create a logo 8 TT13:11–17 (Hill). Rabe described Felsher as “probably one of my closest friends at that point in my life[.]” TT185:1–3 (Rabe). 9 10 TT184:10–23 (Rabe). 11 JX 2; TT186:20–187:16 (Rabe). 12 JX 2 at 2. 3 that could be used in connection with the business idea.13 Rabe also put together more presentation discussion materials, and he and Felsher began approaching companies looking for opportunities for future business.14 In addition, Rabe created a domain and had a website set up for use by OPL.15 The website set up by Rabe resulted in a portentous exchange between Rabe and Felsher. The website contained information on the business of OPL and included Felsher as part of the team, along with his picture.16 Shortly after the website was launched, Felsher sent the following text message to Rabe: “Love the website. However can you take my profile down for the moment as I don’t want a blatant conflict to arise with ac or sas.”17 Once Felsher’s information was taken off the website, he sent Rabe the following text message: “Thank you. Just sent you an email. The closer we get to a deal the more important it is that there are no fingerprints for all of our all [sic] concerned but most importantly because I can get sued.”18 13 TT187:17–188:10 (Rabe); JX 3. 14 TT188:18–189:7; JX 4; JX 5. 15 TT189:8–190:8, 193:3–5 (Rabe); JX 7; Ex. 1 to JX 83. 16 TT192:14–194:2 (Rabe); JX 7. TT193:13–194:6 (Rabe); JX 8. The terms “ac” and “sas” appear to be references to Air Canada and SAS, respectively, which may have been clients of Deutsche Bank at that time. TT193:19–194:2 (Rabe). 17 18 JX 8. 4 In the fall of 2017, Rabe and Felsher decided that OPL should be formally created as a business entity.19 Felsher sent a template LLC agreement that was the “proposed operating agreement, the shareholder agreement between the two of us.”20 Rabe, given his many years of experience in the airline loyalty business, would be responsible for the operations of OPL (e.g., creating presentations, bringing in business). 21 Felsher, given his experience at Deutsche Bank, would be responsible for potential investment banking services and other “CFO duties” (e.g., opening a bank account, setting up the legal entity).22 In forming OPL as a business entity, Felsher was concerned with having his “fingerprints” on any formal filings. While it was intended that Felsher would eventually become a member of OPL, he needed someone to stand in his place at OPL until he left Deutsche Bank.23 The person that played this role was Hill, who See TT195:22–196:5 (Rabe) (“So we had had some preliminary discussions with some potential leads or clients. And there was – I think there were NDAs that needed to be – that I had kind of received a proposal for and needed to, obviously, sign as [OPL], because up to that point we had just been, essentially, a PowerPoint. There wasn’t any entity behind it.”). 19 20 TT194:7–18 (Rabe); JX 10. 21 TT190:19–191:7 (Rabe). 22 Id. TT198:7–18 (Rabe) (“So Mr. Felsher said that he would not be able to sign the operating agreement because he was still employed at Deutsche. And I don’t know exactly what his contract said at Deutsche, but he didn’t feel that he would be able to – to sign it.”). 23 5 had been close friends with Felsher for many years. 24 Hill had also provided legal services and advice to Felsher over the course of their friendship.25 Hill was not involved in negotiating any elements of OPL’s business or structure; rather he served two purposes: “[o]ne he had an operating agreement that [Rabe and Felsher] could use; and, two, [] he could sign his name on [ ] Felsher’s behalf.” 26 Felsher and Rabe scrapped the operating agreement that Felsher originally provided. Instead, Hill, who testified that he has significant experience advising start-ups, drafted an LLC operating agreement for OPL (the “Operating Agreement”).27 The provisions of the Operating Agreement and the circumstances surrounding the formal creation of OPL show that VH5 was intended to serve only as a stand-in for Felsher. To begin, Felsher, not Hill or VH5, made the initial $1,000 capital contribution to OPL.28 Hill testified at trial that Felsher made the capital contribution 24 TT10:12–20 (Hill). TT10:21–11:1 (Hill) (“Q: Have you ever represented [Felsher] as a lawyer? A: I have provided legal services to Nat. I have never represented him in the context of a court proceeding or litigation. I’ve given him advice.”). 25 26 TT198:14–18 (Rabe). TT7:18–22, TT82:12–16 (Hill); JX 18 (“Operating Agreement”); see also JX 19 (email from Hill to Rabe and Felsher attaching a draft of the Operating Agreement). As already noted, Hill is an attorney and has regularly represented Felsher. In addition, VH5, the entity solely owned by Hill, was the entity that served as a stand-in for Felsher. It is unclear whether, in drafting the Operating Agreement, Hill was entirely forthcoming with Rabe about his prior dealings with Felsher. 27 28 JX 27. 6 for Hill “on behalf of some work [he] had done for [Felsher] the prior summer.”29 Hill’s testimony on this point, however, was unconvincing, and he offered no documentary evidence in support.30 The capital structure of OPL further supports the conclusion that VH5 was merely a temporary stand-in for Felsher. Rabe held all the Class A units of OPL, whereas VH5 held all the Class B units.31 Only holders of Class A units were entitled to vote.32 However, the Class B units could be converted into Class A units when transferred. 33 This convertible feature was so important that Hill, in an email to Rabe and Felsher, felt the need to emphasize it: “Basically my LLC will hold 50% economic, non-voting/control B shares. Those can be converted at the point of transfer to A shares.”34 It is notable that this was the only specific provision of the Operating Agreement highlighted by Hill. Having carefully considered the trial 29 TT18:7–10 (Hill). See, e.g., TT86:18–23 (Hill) (“Q: Do you recall if there [were] any texts or emails regarding this agreement between you and Mr. Felsher for him to pay the $1,000 on your behalf? A: No.”). 30 31 Operating Agreement, Sch. A. See Operating Agreement § 1.1 (“‘Class A Units’ means units of voting Membership Interest . . . . ‘Class B Units’ means units of redeemable, non-voting, transferable Membership Interest[.]”). 32 See Operating Agreement § 11.1(b)(i) (“Optional Conversion. Any Class B Units transferred in accordance with this Section 11 may be converted, at the option of the Transferee, into Class A Units of equivalent to the Proportionate Interest of the Class B Units subject to Transfer. Such conversion shall require the express written consent of all Holders of Class A Units.”) (emphasis in original). 33 34 JX 19 (emphasis added). 7 testimony and other evidence, I find that the only reasonable interpretation of this email is that Hill was explaining the mechanics by which Felsher would eventually step into VH5’s place and obtain voting Class A units (rather than non-voting Class B units). OPL was officially formed on October 25, 2017, when a Certificate of Formation was filed with the Delaware Secretary of State.35 C. Relevant Provisions Of The OPL Operating Agreement Rabe, VH5, and Hill never observed any of the formalities or procedures set forth in the Operating Agreement in conducting the business of OPL. Nonetheless, as this is ostensibly an action for breach of contract, I pause to set forth some of the relevant provisions of the Operating Agreement. Article Four of the Operating Agreement sets forth the authority of OPL’s board of directors (the “Board”), the composition of the Board, and the procedures for Board meetings. As a general matter, OPL’s Board was responsible for managing OPL, and Board approval was required for any sale or disposition of all of OPL’s assets: Section 4.1 Authority of the Board. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Agreement, the business and affairs of the Company shall be controlled, directed and managed exclusively by [the Board]. . . . 35 JX 15. 8 (b) Without limiting the generality of the foregoing Section 4.1(a), no act shall be taken, sum expended, decision made or obligation incurred by the Company or any Member or any officer, including any Executive Officer, or any affiliate of any of the foregoing with respect to any matter within the scope of the following decisions (collectively the “Major Decisions”), unless such Major Decision has been Approved 36 by the Board: (i) Agreeing to sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the operating assets of the Company[.] (c) Unless specifically provided otherwise herein, whenever the Board is entitled to vote on any matter or exercise any power under this Agreement, such matter shall be considered approved or consented to upon the receipt of the affirmative approval or consent of more than Fifty Percent (50%) of the Directors with each Director having one vote. . . . (d) Notwithstanding the grant of authority to the Board in this Article Four, the Board shall have no authority and shall not take, or cause the Company to take, any action which requires for its authorization and/or implementation, (i) the Approval or Consent of the Class A Members under this Agreement, or (ii) the vote, Approval, or Consent of Class A Members pursuant to the Act. 37 Section 4.2 of the Operating Agreement sets forth the composition of the Board and provides as follows: “The phrases ‘Approved by,’ ‘Approval of,’ ‘Consent of,’ ‘Deemed by,’ ‘Determined by,’ or any equivalent, each mean, with respect to the Board, approval or consent as set forth in Section 4.1(c) hereof, and, with respect to the Members, approval or consent as set forth in Section 6.8 hereof.” Operating Agreement § 1.1. The reference to Section 6.8 appears to be a typo as the voting requirements for Class A members are set forth in Section 6.9, not Section 6.8. Under Section 6.9, a “matter shall be considered approved or consented to upon the receipt of the affirmative approval or consent, either in writing or at a meeting, of Class A Members holding more than Fifty percent (50%) of the Class A Units then issued and outstanding which are entitled to vote.” Id. § 6.9. 36 37 Operating Agreement § 4.1. 9 The Board shall be composed of a minimum of three (3) Directors which shall consist initially of Jeremiah Rabe, Hugh Hill, and one Director mutually agreed upon by the Class A and Class B Members. The Board shall be elected and removed by the majority of the Members pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. At all times, a minimum of one (1) of the Directors elected by the Members must also be a Class A Member. The number of Directors constituting the entire Board may be increased or decreased from time to time by the Approval of the Class A Members.38 Notably, at no point during OPL’s short existence was a third Director appointed. 39 Also relevant to the composition of the Board is Section 4.8, which states that “[a]ny Director may be removed from the Board with or without cause by the resolution of the Members acting at a meeting or through written Consent in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.” 40 The final provision from Article Four relevant to this dispute is Section 4.7, which provides in relevant part as follows: 4.7 Exclusivity of Duty to Company. Except as otherwise provided herein or in any other agreement relating to the Company, no Director shall be required to manage the Company as his or her sole and exclusive function and any such Director may have other business interests and may engage in other activities in addition to those relating to the Company. Neither the Company nor any Member shall have any right, by virtue of this Agreement, to share or participate in such other activities or to the income or proceeds derived therefrom. Directors shall not incur any liability to the Company or to any of the Members as a result of engaging in any other business or venture.41 38 Id. § 4.2. 39 TT21:18–23:4 (Hill). 40 Operating Agreement § 4.8. 41 Id. § 4.7. 10 In short, neither Rabe nor Hill, as Directors of OPL, were required to devote their sole efforts to OPL and neither was required to share the income they derived from other activities with the other. The next article relevant to this dispute is Article Six, which contains provisions concerning the Class A and Class B members. Section 6.2 sets forth the powers of Class A members and provides in relevant part that “the Class A Members shall have the right to elect and remove any Director at a meeting called for such purpose.” 42 In addition, Article Six sets forth certain actions that specifically require the approval of the Class A members: Section 6.3 Actions Requiring Approval of the Class A Members. (a) The following actions and decisions require, or may be taken or made by, Approval of the Class A Members: (1) Election and removal of directors of, or increasing or decreasing the size of, the Board, pursuant to Section 4.2; ... (5) Determination to dissolve, wind up and liquidate the Company, pursuant to Section 9.2(a); (6) Determination of assets to be sold under liquidation, pursuant to Section 9.4[.]43 42 Id. § 6.2. 43 Id. § 6.3. 11 Article Nine of the Operating Agreement elaborates on the procedures for liquidation of the Company and provides in relevant part as follows: Section 9.2 Events Causing Dissolution. The Company shall be dissolved and its affairs shall be wound up upon the occurrence of any of the following events: (a) at any time by a determination of the Board and the Approval of the Class A Members to dissolve, wind up and liquidate the Company; [or] (b) at any time by written unanimous consent of the Class B Members delivered to the Company[.]44 Reading Sections 4.1, 6.3, and 9.2 together provides that a dissolution and liquidation of OPL required approval of both the Board (i.e., Hill and Rabe) and the Class A members (i.e., Rabe). D. OPL Operates For Less Than A Year With Minimal Success OPL was a consulting business where “the idea, at least, was to try to, you know, bill out people’s time at a higher rate than what it was costing to pay the consultants that were doing the work.”45 In connection with this business model, OPL entered into agreements with freelance consultants. 46 The agreements that OPL entered into with the freelance consultants could be terminated for convenience on 30 days’ written notice.47 Given this business model, the vast majority of the 44 Id. § 9.2. 45 TT183:13–184:9 (Rabe). 46 TT207:9–208:2 (Rabe). TT208:3–9 (Rabe); JX 12. The agreements that OPL entered into with the various freelance consultants did contain an exclusivity provision, which stated that “OPL and its 47 12 revenue that OPL generated was paid out to the freelance consultants with which OPL contracted. While Rabe spent significant time working at OPL through May 2018, Hill, who claimed to be the “part-time general counsel” of OPL, did not do any work for OPL after its organization. 48 Over the course of its existence, OPL had a total of three clients. 49 The first client, Enjoy Gestion Limitada (“Enjoy”), was a client that Rabe brought into OPL based on his prior work with them.50 Enjoy generated total revenue of $81,801.63 for OPL, and OPL incurred costs of $74,030.51 related to employing independent consultants to handle the work with Enjoy, resulting in a gross profit of $7,771.12. 51 The second client was brought in by Evert de Boer, an independent consultant that signed an agreement with OPL in early October 2017 to provide consulting services.52 Rabe and de Boer knew and had worked with each other prior to the affiliated entities . . . shall have a right of first refusal on all projects and investment opportunities originated by you that you present to OPL.” JX 12. Rabe testified that he “didn’t pay much attention to this clause, like in practice” because “[a]ll the consultants had other things that they were working on.” TT340:9–12 (Rabe). TT89:18–90:18 (Hill) (“Q: And what did you do as part-time general counsel? A: Well, I wrote the operating agreement. I established a company. I advised on a number of contracts. I helped establish the banking relationship for OPL. And then it was a very short window there, six months, and I was on standby for what I thought was going to be a lot more work as we grew the business.”). 48 49 TT208:10–15 (Rabe). 50 TT209:11–210:8 (Rabe). 51 JX 84. 52 JX 12. 13 formation of OPL. 53 De Boer had his own consulting business, FFP Investment and Advisory Pte Ltd (“FFP”), that was based in Singapore and also worked in the airline loyalty space.54 De Boer, through FFP, brought in Hawaiian Airlines based on de Boer’s preexisting relationship with Hawaiian Airlines.55 The main reason that de Boer worked with OPL on Hawaiian Airlines was because Hawaiian Airlines wanted to enter the relevant agreement with a U.S. entity.56 Hawaiian Airlines generated total revenue for OPL of $66,146.48, and OPL paid de Boer $65,646.48, resulting in a gross profit of $500.57 Based on the evidence presented at trial, it seems that the only client that anyone brought in during OPL’s formal legal existence was Ortelius Advisors.58 OPL billed Ortelius Advisors a total of $500 for a one-hour consultation, $250 of which was paid to an OPL consultant. 59 Added up, OPL earned a total gross profit of $8,521.12. OPL incurred insurance, administrative and travel expenses totaling $16,384.66, resulting in a net 53 TT210:12–211:18 (Rabe). 54 Id. 55 Id. 56 Id. 57 JX 84. 58 TT208:21–209:10 (Rabe). 59 Id. 14 loss of $7,863.54.60 The only assets OPL ever had during its existence were a small amount of cash and accounts receivable, which ultimately went to cover expenses.61 Other than these assets, OPL had neither tangible assets nor intangible assets, as Rabe never transferred the name, logo, or website he created prior to OPL’s formal existence.62 Despite OPL’s lack of actual success, VH5 and Hill insist that OPL had both a significant asset in the form of a report on the top 100 airline loyalty programs (the “Market Report”) and, purportedly, a pipeline of contracts worth almost $250,000.63 Rabe prepared the Market Report and published it on the OPL website. 64 The Market Report generated some inquiries, though none of the inquiries ever resulted in either revenue or a formal consulting contract.65 JX 84. Rabe provided a detailed accounting of the flow of payments from clients to OPL and then from OPL to consultants. See TT227:2–237:22 (Rabe); JX 35; JX 53; JX 54; JX 84. 60 61 TT212:9–19 (Rabe). 62 TT188:3–17, 224:18–225:17 (Rabe). Dkt. 99 (“Pl.’s OB”) at 6–7; see infra Section I.E. for a discussion of the purported “pipeline” of OPL clients. 63 64 TT269:12–271:5 (Rabe). TT274:18–277:20 (Rabe); see also SX 7; SX 10; SX 12; SX 13; SX 14 (various inquiries from the OPL website asking questions about the Market Report). 65 15 E. Aimia Recruits Rabe To Become CEO And De Boer Forms OPL Singapore In February 2018, Rabe was in discussions with a Canadian investment firm, Mittleman Brothers LLC, to join the board of directors of Aimia. 66 Aimia’s primary business line was called Aeroplan, which was Air Canada’s frequent flier program.67 At the time of the February 2018 discussions, Mittleman Brothers was the largest shareholder of Aimia and was running an activist campaign to replace the Aimia board of directors.68 Mittleman Brothers is controlled by two individuals: Christopher Mittleman and Phil Mittleman. In addition to a position as a director, Christopher Mittleman sought to convince Rabe to join as the CEO of Aimia.69 As part of Christopher Mittleman’s pitch to Rabe to become CEO of Aimia, he stated that “if Aimia acquiring [OPL] would make it easier, and the economic terms reasonable, then doing an ‘acquihire’ to get a great CEO would also not be unprecedented and something I would consider.”70 At this point, however, Mittleman Brothers was only a large investor, and Christopher Mittleman was not acting on behalf of Aimia. 71 66 TT213:8–214:7, 288:6–290:23 (Rabe); JX 29. 67 TT287:3–14 (Rabe). 68 TT213:8–24 (Rabe); JX 29. 69 TT291:18–293:13 (Rabe); JX 29. 70 JX 29. 71 TT292:5–10 (Rabe). 16 Aimia eventually made Rabe an offer to become CEO. In early May 2018, Rabe spoke with Bill McEwan, who was the head of Aimia’s board HR committee, about joining as CEO.72 On May 4, 2018, Aimia’s chief talent officer sent Rabe a term sheet to join as CEO and copied McEwan and another director.73 Under the term sheet, Rabe would receive a signing bonus of Can$1 million and total target annual compensation of Can$3.375 million, as well as an annual perquisite of Can$70,000. 74 It appears that this term sheet reflected Rabe’s actual compensation when he eventually joined as CEO of Aimia. Rabe testified that neither Christopher nor Phil Mittleman was involved in the negotiation of Rabe’s compensation as CEO of Aimia.75 Counsel for VH5, however, pressed Rabe on this point during cross-examination and noted that Phil Mittleman, in a deposition for a separate lawsuit against Rabe related to his time at Aimia, stated that he attributed significant value to OPL. 76 72 TT215:1–7, 368:24–369:1 (Rabe); JX 36. 73 TT214:8–215:7 (Rabe); JX 36. TT285:11–286:14 (Rabe); JX 36. “Can$” refers to Canadian dollars. “$” without the prefix “Can” refers to U.S. dollars. Rabe’s target annual compensation consisted of the following: an annual base salary of Can$750,000; a short-term incentive program with a target of 100% base salary; and a long-term incentive program with a target of 250% base salary. TT285:11–286:14 (Rabe); JX 36. 74 75 TT215:8–11 (Rabe). 76 TT369:12–371:5 (Rabe); Lodged Ex. C (“Phil Mittleman Dep.”) 155:8–156:11. 17 There are multiple problems, however, with VH5’s reliance on Phil Mittleman’s deposition testimony.77 First, as already noted, Phil Mittleman was involved in the initial outreach to Rabe, but not the actual back-and-forth regarding negotiation of Rabe’s compensation. Also, OPL is not mentioned at all in Rabe’s term sheet with Aimia. Even beyond this, Phil Mittleman acknowledged in his deposition that he, his brother Christopher, Aimia, and Rabe all believed at the time of the negotiations in 2018 that Rabe would need to divest himself of an options package for a company with which Rabe previously worked called LifeMiles.78 Most notably, in 2018, Rabe’s LifeMiles options were worth approximately $4.5 million. 79 Thus, far from attributing significant value to OPL, the more reasonable explanation is that his compensation package reflected the parties’ expectation that Rabe would take a significant haircut on his LifeMiles options if he joined Aimia. I note that the parties have asserted no objection to my consideration of the deposition transcript under evidentiary rules. In any event, I do not rely on the testimony for reasons I describe herein. 77 Phil Dep. 37:3–38:11 (“I went back to Bill McEwan. I said there is [sic] two issues. There is [OPL] and there is his stake in LifeMiles. Sounds like we could buy [OPL] to get rid of that conflict and have it in-house, and I don’t know what the situation is with LifeMiles. I asked Jeremy to see if he could keep the options, and Bill’s response was ‘Absolutely not. He cannot maintain the LifeMiles stake. It’s a humongous conflict of interest and he has to divest himself of [OPL] one way or another.’”). 78 TT376:12–20 (Rabe); Phil Dep. 186:22–187:20. Apparently, Rabe did not ultimately need to give up his LifeMiles options. TT376:1–11 (Rabe). VH5 seems to suggest that this means the parties knew Rabe would not need to give up his LifeMiles options when negotiating Rabe’s Aimia compensation package. VH5 failed to develop sufficient evidence to support its speculation at trial, however. 79 18 Rabe joined Aimia in May 2018. Contemporaneous with joining Aimia, Rabe emailed Hill about divesting himself from OPL. 80 In this email, Rabe stated that “I am joining a new company and as part of my agreement with my employer I need to divest my interest in [OPL].”81 Rabe asked Hill to “draft a very simple agreement to sell the business to Evert de Boer.” 82 The following day, Hill responded “[o]f course Jeremy,” and the two had a call that day. 83 During the call, Rabe informed Hill that his interest in OPL would be transferred to de Boer for zero consideration, which Hill agreed to, according to Rabe. 84 Rabe’s initial email noted that Felsher was aware of this plan—Rabe testified that the reason for this was that he considered Felsher to be the other owner of OPL even though the equity was nominally owned by VH5.85 Hill never actually prepared the agreement to transfer Rabe’s interest in OPL to de Boer. 86 After the initial conversation, Hill did not reach out to Rabe, and Rabe followed up on the status of the transfer agreement on May 22. 87 After discussions 80 TT217:7–218:5 (Rabe); JX 40. 81 JX 40. 82 Id. 83 TT219:6–16 (Rabe); JX 40. 84 TT219:17–220:2 (Rabe). 85 TT220:7–11 (Rabe); JX 40. 86 TT26:8–24 (Hill). 87 TT222:9–223:1 (Rabe). 19 between Rabe and de Boer, however, they determined that it would be easier to simply shut down OPL and transfer the assets to de Boer.88 On May 24, 2018, Rabe informed Hill of the plan to shut down OPL and asked Hill to pause any further work on the transfer agreement. 89 Notably, Hill did not respond to Rabe’s May 22 or May 24 emails—not through email, text, or phone call.90 TT223:2–224:9 (Rabe); see also JX 51 (email from de Boer stating that his accountant said “the best way is to start a clean company in Singapore (On Point Loyalty Pte Ltd), and then do a simple asset transfer deal from OPL LLC and close that down”). 88 89 JX 51. TT240:12–18 (Rabe) (“Q: Now, between May 8, 2018, and January 16, 2019, had you heard anything from Mr. Hill? A: No. Q: When I say heard from, do you recall getting any calls from Mr. Hill? A: No. I didn’t get any calls from Mr. Hill. No emails, nothing.”). Hill claims that he “put in a couple of phone calls” after Rabe’s May 24 email and that Rabe did not respond to these calls. TT28:1–15 (Hill). Having viewed Hill’s testimony during trial, and in the overall context of the evidence, I find that Hill’s testimony lacks sufficient credibility on this point. When asked on cross-examination whether he attempted to get any phone records to corroborate this assertion, Hill testified that “I don’t have records that far back[,] I can’t do that.” TT63:7–9 (Hill). In a different context, this response could be perfectly sensible. Hill’s assertion here, however, that I must just take his word for it reflects a concerning pattern—namely, the all-too-convenient absence of contemporaneous documents. See, e.g., TT68:20–69:4 (Hill) (“Q: So [Felsher] sent you something. Did you produce that email in your production? A: I honestly don’t know. My Gmail account is my personal account, and it’s full. So I periodically purge large attachments from it. So if I couldn’t have found it, it was probably because of that, if I didn’t produce it.”); TT117:4–11 (Hill) (“Q: But you didn’t produce those notes in this litigation? A: I – I don’t keep records like that, sir. If I did, I would have produced them.”); TT117:18–22 (Hill) (“Q: Have you produced any [evidence] that [you] started the agreement? A: No. The computer that I was working on at the time was property of Enclave Capital. And when it shut down, I didn’t have access to it anymore.”); TT127:5– 20 (Hill) (stating that he refused to produce certain communications with Felsher on the basis of privilege even though counsel for VH5 never prepared a privilege log). Hill is an attorney who should understand the importance of maintaining documents relevant to a business relationship, particularly one that appeared headed toward litigation as early as 2019. The excuses for the lack of expected contemporaneous documents, proffered one 90 20 Consistent with his May 24 email, de Boer formed a new entity named On Point Loyalty Singapore Pte Ltd. (“OPL Singapore”).91 Rabe subsequently transferred to de Boer the login information for OPL’s PR NewsWire account, a recruiting site that Rabe used to find consultants, and the “onpointloyalty.com” domain that Rabe had registered prior to OPL’s formal existence. 92 Rabe has not been involved with OPL Singapore.93 After de Boer formed OPL Singapore, Rabe continued to receive payments to OPL’s bank account for work that OPL had performed while Rabe was still involved in OPL, and Rabe made payments to consultants that had worked on those projects for OPL. 94 At trial and in its briefing, VH5 focused on an April 28, 2018, email from Rabe to Aimia’s chief talent officer. 95 In the email, Rabe set forth certain purported after another, chipped away at Hill’s credibility at trial. And this is to say nothing of the substance of Hill’s testimony, which I address throughout. 91 TT224:13–17 (Rabe); JX 79. 92 TT224:21–225:4 (Rabe). 93 TT259:18–260:5 (Rabe). Compare JX 53 ($46,103.53 invoice to Enjoy dated June 9, 2018, for “Phase 2 Project Completion”), with JX 54 (Rabe’s bank account statement reflecting receipt of payment for this invoice on July 13, 2018, and payments to consultants that had worked on this project totaling $45,405.53). The bank account in question is in the name of “Orange Flix Inc.” which Rabe testified was an entity that he had created for freelance consulting work and that he continued using for OPL. TT227:6–15 (Rabe). The fact that OPL did not even have its own bank account further supports the conclusion that it was never a particularly formalized entity. 94 95 JX 35. 21 financial information of OPL.96 Rabe stated that OPL had two projects in process with “total revenue in the pipeline [of] $248,394.” 97 Rabe also stated in the email that there were “a number of conversations in progress with other airlines around the world which may turn into potential consulting or investment opportunities.”98 VH5 highlights that OPL Singapore appears to have continued working with certain of the companies included in the “pipeline” after Rabe joined Aimia. 99 Considered in the context of the evidence presented at trial, I find it very significant that, at the time Rabe sent his email, he was auditioning for Aimia’s CEO position and the compensation that would come with it. While I believe that, if Rabe had continued working on OPL, it might well have achieved significant revenues at some point, the evidence presented at trial suggests that the numbers described above had little actual substance. In addition, the projections are for revenue, not profits. As already described, OPL’s business model involved money coming in the door in the form of revenue and then mostly going promptly back out the door to pay the freelance consultants who did the work.100 96 Id. 97 Id. 98 Id. The clients were Aegean Airlines, Kenya Airways, and Singapore Airlines. Pl.’s OB at 18–19. 99 100 Indeed, as explained above, OPL ended its short existence with a net loss. 22 In any event, VH5 contends that any revenue that OPL Singapore earned from these clients should properly be viewed as revenue belonging to and forgone by OPL. 101 I do not find VH5’s focus on these OPL Singapore clients compelling. While Rabe continued to be copied on certain correspondence through the summer of 2018 for these clients, none of the documents provided at trial indicate that Rabe actually did any work on behalf of these clients.102 In addition, VH5 did not offer any evidence that OPL signed engagement letters with any of these companies or received any revenue. At best, the very limited evidence concerning post-May 2018 matters presented by VH5 suggests OPL Singapore may have done some limited work for one or more entities, but it is not at all clear whether such work was material or even paid. In other words, while the limited evidence suggests that OPL Singapore did some sort of unknown work for a handful of entities after Rabe left, the evidence presented is largely just a peek at some meet-and-greets that might, or might not, have panned out and a handful of scattered follow-on emails. Following trial, I have 101 Pl.’s OB at 15–20. See, e.g., SX 1 (email from an employee of Aegean Airlines to Rabe complaining about work by OPL Singapore, which Rabe forwarded to de Boer); SX 2 (email from de Boer updating Rabe on current work that de Boer was doing with Aegean Airlines and other potential clients); SX 14 (February 2019 email from de Boer to Rabe where de Boer states that he would “tell [Rabe] anecdotes about Kenya Airways”); JX 44 (email exchange between January 2018 and May 2018 where de Boer pitched Singapore Airlines on consulting work with Rabe copied; final email reflects de Boer updating another OPL consultant on Rabe’s departure from OPL). 102 23 no confidence that OPL Singapore was compensated in any material way for what seems to have been essentially a one-man-band consulting outfit for air miles. F. Rabe’s Relationship With Felsher Deteriorates After Rabe joined Aimia in May 2018, he introduced Felsher to Phil Mittleman, who was very impressed with Felsher and encouraged the Aimia board to recruit him to join the company.103 Aimia hired Felsher in August 2018 to be its president and chief strategy officer.104 But Felsher’s tenure at Aimia was short-lived. Aimia terminated Felsher approximately three months later for reasons not disclosed at trial. 105 Rabe testified that Felsher was very upset with Rabe over this termination and, importantly, that it was devastating to their personal and professional relationship.106 Significantly, on the same day that Aimia terminated Felsher, Felsher contacted Hill for legal assistance. 107 Felsher then sued Aimia on January 29, 2019, in the Superior Court of Justice in Ontario, Canada.108 Although Hill did not act as Felsher’s litigation counsel, Hill provided other legal services to Felsher in 103 TT238:18–239:11 (Rabe). 104 TT239:12–17 (Rabe). 105 TT239:18–20 (Rabe). 106 TT239:24–240:11 (Rabe). 107 TT105:16–106:4 (Hill). 108 JX 64. 24 connection with his termination from Aimia through spring 2020.109 Felsher and Aimia ultimately settled Felsher’s lawsuit in mid-February 2020.110 On January 16, 2019, approximately two weeks before Felsher filed his lawsuit against Aimia, Hill sent Rabe a short, out-of-the-blue email asking about the “year-end numbers for [OPL]” and stating “[a]s you may recall, VH5 is the 50% owner and is therefore entitled to 50% of such profits (or losses).” 111 Absent from Hill’s January 2019 email is any reference to Rabe’s May 24, 2018, email to Hill, where Rabe informed Hill of his plan to close down OPL and transfer the assets to de Boer. Rabe testified that he was “alarmed” and, as explained by Rabe, his alarm seemed warranted: So Hill was representing Felsher, who was recently terminated by Aimia. I was the CEO of Aimia at the time. There were negotiations going on at that time where Hill was representing Felsher in those negotiations. A lawsuit was filed a week or two after this email, so a lawsuit was impending. And so it was surprising to me that he didn’t disclose that conflict of interest, that he TT106:5–109:24 (Hill). Hill was evasive on this point at trial. He initially testified that he stopped providing legal advice to Felsher in connection with his termination from Aimia at the end of January 2019. TT106:5–107:19 (Hill). However, he shortly thereafter acknowledged that he provided Felsher legal advice in connection with a related countersuit brought against Felsher in New York state court a few months later. TT106:20– 107:6 (Hill). And upon additional cross-examination, Hill finally acknowledged that he had provided Felsher with legal advice up through either February or March 2020, which is around the time that Felsher settled his lawsuit against Aimia. TT109:5–24 (Hill). 109 110 TT111:3–7 (Hill). 111 JX 61. 25 was getting a lot of money from Felsher to represent him, a lot more than anything that he had been involved with at [OPL]. 112 Rabe forwarded Hill’s email to Aimia’s internal and external counsel, who drafted Rabe’s response, which he sent on January 24, 2019. 113 This response stated that he did not have “any clarity on year-end numbers” and noted that, “[a]s you know, the company has not been active since I took on the role as CEO at Aimia in May.”114 Rabe then reached out to an accountant to assist with preparing OPL’s 2018 tax return.115 Consistent with the other financials produced by Rabe, this tax return showed gross receipts of $148,448.116 The return showed total deductions of $149,720, for a loss of $1,272.117 In addition, the return listed VH5 and Rabe as TT248:13–249:2 (Rabe). Based on the testimony at trial and evidence put forth, it is not entirely clear at what point Rabe became aware that Hill was advising Felsher in connection with Felsher’s litigation against Aimia. Upon receiving the email, Rabe immediately sent it to Aimia’s internal and external counsel because he was “surprise[ed] to see . . . an email from opposing counsel that didn’t copy my lawyers or disclose what his relationship – his conflict relative to [OPL].” TT247:20–249:2 (Rabe). Aimia’s internal and external counsel drafted the response that Rabe ultimately sent in response to Hill’s initial email. TT249:3–15 (Rabe). The most that I can conclude from the testimony at trial is that Rabe was aware that Hill regularly provided Felsher with legal advice, though Rabe was not fully aware of the extent to which Hill was advising Felsher in connection with his litigation against Aimia. 112 113 TT249:7–15 (Rabe). 114 JX 61. 115 JX 66. 116 JX 65. 117 Id. 26 each owning 50% of OPL.118 Finally, VH5 and Hugh Hill were listed as the tax representative for OPL. 119 On February 21, 2019, Rabe sent Hill OPL’s tax return, and on March 4, 2019, Rabe sent Hill OPL’s balance sheet, profit and loss statement, and other financial information.120 The tax return and financial statements were prepared by a certified public accountant (“CPA”) and consistently showed that OPL had a net loss in 2018. 121 On March 7, 2019, Hill sent Rabe the following email: Jeremy, a number of significant concerns based on the attached. My accountants need to know. First, is OPL still an operating business? I sent you the google results of the search mentioning Mr. de Boer. What is going on? Do I need to get my lawyers involved? Does you [sic] current employer, Aimia, know about this? Should I call them? 122 Rabe did not respond to this email, but Hill’s threats to “get his lawyers involved” and contact Aimia foreshadowed actions that Hill and Felsher would soon take to pressure Rabe in retaliation for Felsher’s termination. 118 Id. 119 Id. 120 JX 62; JX 63; JX 65; JX 67. 121 TT354:6–10 (Rabe); JX 62; JX 63; JX 65; JX 66; JX 67. 122 JX 67. 27 G. Rabe Formally Dissolves OPL On April 8, 2019, Rabe formally dissolved OPL. 123 The dissolution and final franchise tax payment cost $1,020. 124 Rabe testified that this amount exceeded what was in OPL’s bank account at the time, so he paid the remaining balance out of his personal funds. 125 Rabe contends that he had received advice from counsel that VH5 was not a member of OPL. 126 Based on this, Rabe “formally resolved, as a sole Class A Member and only unconflicted member of the Board of Directors of OPL . . . with the power to remove other directors and decrease the number of people who sit on the Board, to dissolve OPL and file a Certificate of Cancellation.”127 There is no written Board resolution or consent supporting this purported resolution by Rabe.128 In addition, Rabe did not provide any contemporaneous notice to VH5 of the formal dissolution of OPL or of any Board action or meeting related to such dissolution. 129 123 TT251:6–13 (Rabe); JX 71. 124 TT251:14–18 (Rabe); JX 71. 125 TT251:14–18 (Rabe). 126 TT250:18–251:5 (Rabe). 127 JX 83 ¶ 8. 128 TT352:23–353:11 (Rabe). 129 TT353:12–354:5 (Rabe). 28 H. Rabe Is Terminated From Aimia And Litigation Ensues Rabe was terminated by Aimia on April 28, 2020. 130 On the exact same day that Rabe was terminated from Aimia, VH5 filed its complaint against Rabe.131 Originally, Rabe was terminated without cause.132 However, Phil Mittleman testified in his deposition that Felsher provided him with a copy of the complaint and that Felsher made certain allegations concerning Rabe’s conduct. 133 Based on these allegations and an investigation conducted by Phil Mittleman, Rabe’s termination was turned into one for cause. 134 The impact of the change was that Rabe was no longer entitled to a severance package worth millions of dollars.135 On November 12, 2020, Rabe sued Aimia, asserting claims related to his termination for cause. 136 That litigation appears to be ongoing. I. Procedural History I pause to note some aspects of the procedural history concerning VH5’s litigation of this action. Although I ultimately make no finding on this, these tactics 130 TT254:19–22 (Rabe). 131 Dkt. 1. 132 TT256:8–10 (Rabe). 133 TT256:21–257:4 (Rabe). 134 Id. 135 TT256:11–20 (Rabe). 136 JX 78. 29 bolster my concern that this litigation was brought by VH5 at the behest of Felsher to harass Rabe and damage his reputation after their falling out. First, in its amended complaint, VH5 brought claims for fraud (Count I), breach of contract (Count II), and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (the “implied covenant”) (Count III).137 Two weeks before trial, VH5 dropped its fraud claim via a footnote in its motion to strike Rabe’s affirmative defenses.138 Fraud is a serious allegation. VH5’s allegation of fraud hung over Rabe for over two years and undoubtedly had an impact on Rabe’s personal and professional life. VH5’s tactic in maintaining its fraud claim but then dropping it— via a footnote—on the eve of trial when put to its proof is concerning. Second, during the pre-trial conference, VH5’s counsel acknowledged that it was apparently unable to come up with evidence supporting its original damages theory.139 Based on this, VH5 had to change its damages theory on, essentially, the eve of trial. 140 In addition, VH5 filed a motion to extend the deadline for expert discovery in May, which this Court granted. 141 Despite obtaining such an extension, 137 Dkt. 25 (“Amended Compl.”) ¶¶ 39–60. 138 Dkt. 63 ¶ 2 n.1. 139 Dkt. 105 (“Pre-Trial T/C”) at 6:21–7:10, 11:6–21. 140 Id. 141 Dkt. 53; Dkt. 56. 30 VH5 failed to obtain an expert and presented no expert testimony at trial in support of its new damages theory. 142 Third and finally, on the Friday before the week of trial, VH5 filed an “Emergency Motion to Adjourn Trial.”143 In that motion, VH5’s counsel claimed that Rabe had withheld “key documents” and was engaging in “trial by ambush.”144 But in fact the basis for VH5’s need to adjourn trial was not any concealment by Rabe and his counsel but rather VH5’s and its counsel’s failure to prosecute their case in a diligent manner.145 Taken together, the facts revealed at trial and the litigation tactics pursued by VH5 and its counsel give me serious concerns that much of this litigation was a calculated attempt to continue Felsher’s pressure campaign on Rabe. 142 Dkt. 92 at 9:12–14. 143 Dkt. 85. 144 Id. ¶¶ 2–4. Dkt. 92 at 3:4–4:1 (“THE COURT: . . . If I wanted to make sure that I had a complete production of documents, and I had a concern that a party wasn’t, for whatever reason, going to produce, I would aggressively follow up and engage in meet-and-confer processes and go through the production. I’d serve subpoenas on third parties. If I was trying to get email from someone at a company and at an investment bank, I would seek the discovery from both the company and the investment bank to ensure I got a complete production. That is all standard. Here, there were no subpoenas. There was no effort, seemingly, to seek discovery from any third parties. The questions plaintiff has raised for the first time today are all questions that would be great questions for the plaintiff to have asked in a meet-and-confer discussion and, frankly, would have been fairly standard questions to ask in a meet-and-confer discussion. But these are not questions that a party gets to raise, absent truly extraordinary circumstances, just days before trial, long after the close of the discovery cutoff.”). 145 31 II. ANALYSIS This is superficially a claim for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant by one member of an LLC against another. But as the facts and procedural history show, this litigation is more accurately viewed as retaliation by Felsher against Rabe for Felsher’s termination from Aimia. There also appears to be some background machinations by Felsher and potentially others to pressure Rabe in connection with his ongoing lawsuit against Aimia in Canada. I highlight these considerations at the outset because there is no other reason to understand why VH5 and Hill would engage in years of litigation over an essentially valueless entity like OPL. With that said, Rabe did breach the Operating Agreement when he dissolved OPL. Rabe’s breach of the Operating Agreement was consistent with a long history by both Rabe and Hill not observing any of the corporate formalities that this Court expects of individuals operating a Delaware entity. But while Rabe is liable for breach of contract, VH5 has failed to make any showing that it suffered damages and so is entitled to only nominal damages. Rabe has also sought fee shifting for alleged bad faith litigation tactics by VH5. I have spent much of this memorandum opinion highlighting certain aspects of VH5’s and Hill’s behavior in this litigation that have given me pause. Furthermore, I have concerns that VH5 and Hill have used this Court and its limited 32 judicial resources as a tool for the untoward desire of harming Rabe’s personal and professional life rather than seeking any sort of redress for harm. To be frank, I find that it is a close call as to whether fee-shifting is appropriate here considering this behavior. Nonetheless, VH5 has succeeded on its breach of contract claim, though it is entitled to only nominal damages. I am therefore unable to find that Rabe is entitled to the extraordinary remedy of fee-shifting. A. VH5 Has Proven That Rabe Breached The Operating Agreement In Count II of the Amended Complaint, VH5 claims that Rabe breached the Operating Agreement by transferring OPL’s assets and dissolving OPL. As explained below, even though VH5 appears to have been a nominal member of OPL standing in for Felsher, it was nonetheless a member entitled to enforce the Operating Agreement. VH5 has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that Rabe breached the Operating Agreement when he dissolved OPL. VH5 has failed to meet its burden to prove that Rabe transferred any assets of OPL. To evaluate VH5’s breach of contract, the court must interpret the Operating Agreement. “When engaging in that inquiry, the court ‘applies the same principles that are used when construing and interpreting other contracts.’”146 “When XRI Inv. Hldgs. LLC v. Holifield, 283 A.3d 581, 611 (Del. Ch. 2022) (quoting Godden v. Franco, 2018 WL 3998431, at *8 (Del. Ch. Aug. 21, 2018)). 146 33 interpreting a contract, the role of a court is to effectuate the parties’ intent.” 147 The party seeking enforcement of a contract “bears the burden to prove his breach of contract claim by a preponderance of the evidence.”148 “Under Delaware law, the elements of a breach of contract claim are: (1) a contractual obligation; (2) a breach of that obligation by the defendant; and (3) a resulting damage to the plaintiff.” 149 VH5 Has Standing To Sue For Breach Of Contract Rabe does not dispute that the Operating Agreement was an enforceable contract. Rather, Rabe argues that VH5 was not a party to the Operating Agreement because Felsher, not VH5, made the initial capital contribution. 150 Rabe contends that, on this basis alone, VH5 was not a member and has no standing to sue for breach of contract. 151 As already noted, it appears that VH5 served merely as a stand-in for Felsher and that the parties intended that Felsher would take over VH5’s membership interest once he was no longer conflicted through his position at Deutsche Bank. Furthermore, I find it concerning that Hill, an attorney, seemingly orchestrated 147 Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Am. Legacy Found., 903 A.2d 728, 739 (Del. 2006). 148 Zimmerman v. Crothall, 62 A.3d 676, 691 (Del. Ch. 2013). 149 H-M Wexford LLC v. Encorp, Inc., 832 A.2d 129, 140 (Del. 2003). 150 Dkt. 97 (“Def.’s OB”) at 36; Dkt. 100 (“Def.’s AB”) at 31–34. 151 Def.’s OB at 36; Def.’s AB at 31–34. 34 VH5’s role in OPL using an LLC agreement drafted by Hill, and Rabe, a nonattorney, was not represented by legal counsel or advised by Hill to obtain counsel. Nonetheless, Rabe’s argument is belied by the fact that VH5 was listed as a member in the Operating Agreement and that VH5 was a signatory to the Operating Agreement. Furthermore, it is hard to square Rabe’s current argument with OPL’s 2018 tax return, prepared at Rabe’s direction, which listed VH5 as a member and identified VH5 and Hill as OPL’s tax matters partners. Thus, though the parties apparently intended that Felsher would eventually replace VH5, it is nonetheless the case that VH5 was a member of OPL and has standing to sue for breach of the Operating Agreement. VH5 Has Not Proven That Rabe Transferred Any Of OPL’s Assets In Breach Of The Operating Agreement VH5 contends that Rabe breached the Operating Agreement by transferring the following “assets” to OPL Singapore: (a) OPL’s business relationships and consulting contracts; (b) the Market Report prepared by Rabe; and (c) OPL’s website login information.152 VH5 argues that Rabe did not receive either Board approval or VH5’s consent to transfer any of these assets and, as such, Rabe breached the 152 Pl.’s OB at 36–39. 35 Operating Agreement. 153 As explained below, VH5 has failed to meet its burden that Rabe transferred any of OPL’s assets in breach of the Operating Agreement. a. VH5 Fails To Prove That Rabe Transferred OPL’s Business Relationships And Consulting Agreements To OPL Singapore After Rabe started his role at Aimia and ceased his involvement with OPL, de Boer, through OPL Singapore, continued to do work for Hawaiian Airlines and Enjoy. VH5 argues that Rabe essentially transferred these business relationships to de Boer and OPL Singapore without any consideration.154 VH5 further argues that Rabe transferred the contracts between OPL and its consultants to OPL Singapore without consideration. 155 Finally, VH5 contends that there was an existing “pipeline” of potential OPL clients that Rabe transferred to OPL Singapore, again without consideration. 156 VH5 has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that any of these “assets” were transferred to de Boer. Concerning OPL’s relationships with Hawaiian Airlines and Enjoy, VH5’s sole basis for arguing that “OPL continued to do work for” these companies is that the OPL bank account continued to receive 153 Id. at 39–42. 154 Pl.’s OB at 37. 155 Id. at 37–38. 156 Id. at 37. 36 payments from these companies between June and October 2018.157 During that period, OPL received payments from Hawaiian Airlines and Enjoy and then paid consultants, including de Boer, for the work they performed for these contracts. 158 But a review of OPL’s bank account statements and related invoices shows that the funds received and paid out by OPL during that period concerned work that OPL had performed during Spring 2018 when Rabe was still running OPL. Furthermore, OPL’s business model was not particularly profitable, so it earned a minimal amount of gross profit from these contracts.159 VH5 has not claimed that the payments made to these independent consultants were improper. Furthermore, VH5 has not claimed that the cash that remained in OPL’s bank account was transferred to OPL Singapore. Thus, VH5 has failed to put forward any evidence that OPL’s relationships with Hawaiian and Enjoy, or the money earned from these relationships, was ever transferred to OPL Singapore. VH5’s claims regarding the consulting contracts and “pipeline” are even thinner reeds that break upon minimal scrutiny. Concerning the consulting contracts, VH5’s entire argument is premised on the exclusivity provisions 157 Id. 158 JX 54. OPL’s bank account statements reflect that OPL received payments from Enjoy and Hawaiian totaling $147,448 and paid its independent consultants a total of $139,754, resulting in a gross profit to OPL of $7,694. This amount does not include any other expenses that OPL may have incurred. 159 37 contained in those contracts. 160 But VH5 has put forth no evidence that these consulting contracts were transferred or assigned to OPL Singapore, and Rabe explicitly denied sending the consulting contracts to de Boer. 161 Thus, VH5 has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that these consulting contracts were ever transferred to OPL Singapore.162 Finally, concerning OPL’s “pipeline” of work with Singapore Airlines, Aegean Airlines, and Kenya Airways, VH5 focuses on a handful of emails on which Rabe was either copied or minimally involved and Rabe’s email to Aimia in May 2018 where he noted this purported “pipeline” of clients.163 But VH5 has failed to put forward any proof that OPL had any contracts with these entities. Furthermore, VH5 has not offered any evidence that OPL ever received any revenue from these companies. In addition, to the extent Rabe referenced these potential clients to Aimia, his statements are better viewed as optimistic self-promotion intended to assist Rabe in negotiating his compensation package. 164 VH5 has failed to prove 160 Pl.’s OB at 37. 161 TT338:13–20 (Rabe). I also find it relevant that the consulting contracts could be terminated by either party for any reason on thirty-days’ notice, which significantly diminishes any bite the exclusivity provision contained in those contacts may have had. 162 163 Dkt. 101 (“Pl.’s AB”) at 11–12. And even then, these statements are most generously interpreted as optimistic projections for a company that had been in existence for only a few months, obtained only one client, and failed to turn any profit. As a valuation metric, these statements do not support anything meaningful. 164 38 that there were any existing OPL relationships with these companies that could have been transferred by Rabe in the first place. b. VH5 Fails To Prove That Rabe Transferred The Market Report To OPL Singapore VH5’s arguments concerning the Market Report are, frankly, challenging to comprehend. It appears that the crux of its argument is that OPL Singapore issued an updated version of the Market Report in 2020 that bore similarities to the Market Report prepared in 2017.165 However, as established at trial, de Boer played a role in drafting the Market Report in 2017 and was himself an experienced consultant in the airline loyalty industry. 166 Thus, de Boer would appear to have been sufficiently capable to create a new version of the Market Report in 2020. In addition, VH5 has not put forth any evidence that the original Market Report was ever transferred to de Boer (or what that would even mean, since the Market Report was publicly available). Therefore, VH5’s argument that Rabe transferred the Market Report to OPL Singapore fails. 165 Pl.’s AB at 13–14. See, e.g., TT270:4–14 (Rabe) (“Q: You took the lead in drafting the report; right? A: I was the lead drafter, yeah. Q: You had others help you with the report? A: That’s correct. Q: With the research? A: That’s correct, and drafting, yeah. Q: And drafting. And that would be Evert de Boer; right? A: Yes.”). 166 39 c. Rabe Was Free To Transfer The Website Since It Was His Property Finally, VH5 argues that Rabe transferred the website to OPL Singapore for no consideration. 167 VH5’s argument on this point takes up all of two sentences in its post-trial briefing.168 At trial, it was clearly established that Rabe created the OPL website before OPL was ever officially formed.169 VH5 has put forward no evidence that Rabe ever transferred the website to OPL after its formation. VH5 has not argued that the Operating Agreement otherwise restricted Rabe from transferring this website, which was his own personal property. Thus, VH5 has failed to meet its burden to prove that Rabe was not authorized to transfer the website to OPL Singapore. Rabe Breached The Operating Agreement By Cancelling OPL VH5 argues that Rabe’s cancellation of OPL breached three separate provisions of the Operating Agreement.170 First, VH5 argues that Rabe breached Section 9.2 of the Operating Agreement by “dissolv[ing], wind[ing] up and liquidat[ing] the Company” without Board approval.171 Second, VH5 argues that Rabe breached Section 9.3 of the Operating Agreement by failing to provide a 167 Pl.’s OB at 38. 168 Id. 169 TT189:8–190:8 (Rabe); Ex. 1 to JX 83. 170 Pl.’s OB at 45–47. 171 Id. at 45. 40 “Notice of Dissolution” to VH5 or otherwise informing VH5 of OPL’s dissolution. 172 Third, VH5 contends that Rabe breached Section 9.4 of the Operating Agreement by failing to (a) obtain a statement from a CPA setting forth OPL’s assets and liabilities on the date of dissolution and (b) determine the fair market value of OPL’s assets.173 In response, Rabe argues that, as the only Class A Member of OPL, he had authority to unilaterally remove Hill as a Director.174 Rabe contends that, “after consultation with legal counsel, he acted as sole Class A Member and a one-member Board in taking the actions he took with regard to winding up and dissolving OPL.” 175 Rabe further argues that Hill was not a valid Board member and, as such, Rabe had a right to take these actions as the functional Board. 176 Concerning VH5’s contention that Rabe failed to provide a “Notice of Dissolution,” Rabe argues that his email in May 2018 that he was shutting down OPL provided such notice (even though OPL was not formally shut down until almost a year later). 177 Finally, Rabe 172 Id. at 46. 173 Id. 174 Def.’s OB at 37. 175 Id. at 37–38. 176 Id. at 38. 177 Id. 41 argues that OPL’s 2018 year-end financial statements provided to Hill satisfied Section 9.4 since OPL was inactive for the entirety of 2019 until its dissolution.178 Determining whether Rabe in fact breached the Operating Agreement is challenging because at no point did either Rabe or Hill observe any of the typical formalities in operating OPL that this Court expects. For example, a third member of the Board was never appointed, even though Section 4.2 of the Operating Agreement requires that the Board be composed of three Directors, including “one Director mutually agreed upon by the Class A and Class B Members.”179 Furthermore, the OPL Board never held a single meeting. Hill arguably faces greater blame for the failure to observe corporate formalities, given that he is a lawyer, he drafted the Operating Agreement, and he claimed that he was the part-time general counsel of OPL. 180 Nonetheless, Delaware is a pro-contractarian state, and “Delaware upholds the freedom of contract and enforces as a matter of fundamental public policy the voluntary agreements of sophisticated parties.”181 Rabe has not argued that there is some other consideration that should override this fundamental public policy here. 178 Id. 179 Operating Agreement § 4.2. I note that, at trial, Hill tried to portray himself as a relatively sophisticated attorney experienced with advising start-up entities and, at the same time, an unsuspecting rube who was taken advantage of by Rabe. Not surprisingly, Hill’s testimony lacked credibility. 180 181 NACCO Indus., Inc. v. Applica Inc., 997 A.2d 1, 35 (Del. Ch. 2009). 42 Rather, Rabe contends that he complied with the Operating Agreement by taking actions as a one-member Board and that he was authorized to do so. A review of the relevant provisions of the Operating Agreement shows that he was not so authorized. Rabe’s conclusory statement that Hill was not a “valid” member of the Board is not supported by the Operating Agreement, which expressly lists Hill as a Director.182 As outlined below, Rabe had the authority to remove Hill as a Director. With that said, Rabe produced no evidence that he removed Hill from the Board or followed the prescribed procedures for dissolving OPL. Given this, Rabe breached the Operating Agreement when he dissolved OPL. a. The Operating Agreement Is Ambiguous As To When A Director May Be Removed The Operating Agreement is ambiguous as to whether Rabe, as the sole Class A Member, had authority to unilaterally remove Hill as a Director and reduce the size of the Board. “[A] contract is ambiguous only when the provisions in controversy are reasonably or fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may have two different meanings.”183 “By contrast a contract is unambiguous when ‘the 182 Operating Agreement § 4.2. Rhone-Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del. 1992). 183 43 plain, common, and ordinary meaning of the words lends itself to only one reasonable interpretation.’”184 Looking to the Operating Agreement, Section 4.8 states that a Director may be removed from the Board without cause by resolution of all the members (i.e., both Class A and Class B Members).185 However, Sections 6.2 and 6.3 state that the Class A Members, acting alone, may remove any Director and reduce the size of the Board. 186 These provisions are in conflict and have two different meanings. Thus, the Operating Agreement is ambiguous on the questions of whether Rabe, as the sole Class A Member, had the authority to remove Hill as a Director and reduce the size of the Board. 184 Florida Chem. Co., LLC v. Flotek Indus., Inc., 262 A.3d 1066, 1080 (Del. Ch. 2021). See Operating Agreement § 4.8 (“Any Director may be removed from the Board with or without cause by the resolution of the Members acting at a meeting through written consent in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.”). 185 See id. § 6.2 (“The Class A Members shall have the approval and consent rights as described in this Agreement and as provided for members under the Act and the Class A Members shall have the right to elect and remove any Director at a meeting called for such purpose.”); id. § 6.3 (“The following actions and decisions require, or may be taken or made by, Approval of the Class A Members: (1) Election and removal of directors of, or increasing or decreasing the size of, the Board, pursuant to Section 4.2; . . . (4) Expulsion or removal of a Director, pursuant to Section 4.8[.]”). 186 44 b. Application Of The Rule Of Contra Proferentem Is Appropriate In Interpreting The Operating Agreement’s Ambiguous Provisions “Where a contract is ambiguous, ‘the interpreting court must look beyond the language of the contract to ascertain the parties’ intentions.’”187 “[T]he rule of contra proferentem is one of last resort, such that a court will not apply it if a problem in construction can be resolved by applying more favored rules of construction.”188 “Nevertheless, resort to the rule is appropriate ‘in cases of standardized contracts and in cases where the drafting party has the stronger bargaining position[.]”189 Under the rule of contra proferentem, this Court will “constru[e] the ambiguous contract terms against the drafter[.]”190 VH5 argues that I should apply the rule of contractual interpretation that the “specific” language of Section 4.8 should control over the “general” language of Sections 6.2 and 6.3.191 However, this is not a case where the “specific/general” rule Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 369 (Del. 2014) (quoting GMG Capital Inv., LLC v. Athenian Venture P’rs I, L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 780 (Del. 2012)). 187 E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Co., Inc. v. Shell Oil Co., 498 A.2d 1108, 1114 (Del. 1985). 188 189 Zimmerman v. Crothall, 62 A.3d 676, 698 (Del. 2013). Id.; see also RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 206 (“In choosing among the reasonable meanings of a promise or agreement or a term thereof, that meaning is generally preferred which operates against the party who supplies the words or from whom a writing otherwise proceeds.”). 190 Pl.’s AB at 17; see also DCV Hldgs., Inc. v. ConAgra, Inc., 889 A.2d 954, 961 (Del. 2005) (“Specific language in a contract controls over general language, and where specific 191 45 of contractual interpretation is applicable—it cannot be said that the language in Section 4.8 is more specific than that in Sections 6.2 and 6.3. Rather, they deal with the exact same issue and are in direct conflict. Given the unique circumstances of this case, I conclude that application of the rule of contra proferentem is appropriate.192 Here, Hill, a lawyer, was an interested party in the transaction through his ownership of VH5 and also drafted the Operating Agreement. In contrast, Rabe, a non-lawyer, was not represented by counsel and, based on testimony at trial and the evidence submitted, did not attempt to negotiate any of the Operating Agreement’s provisions. Further adding to the unique nature of this dispute, VH5 was apparently acting merely as a stand-in investor for Felsher, a long-time client and close friend of Hill. Given these considerations, it is likely that Hill “provide[d] more carefully for the protection of his [and Felsher’s] own interests than for those of the other party” and that he was “more likely than the other party to have reason to know of uncertainties of meaning.” 193 and general provisions conflict, the specific provision ordinarily qualifies the meaning of the general one.”). Even if I were to adopt VH5's interpretation of the Operating Agreement and conclude that Rabe did not have the power to unilaterally remove Hill as a director and reduce the size of the Board, this interpretation would not be dispositive as I ultimately conclude that Rabe did not follow the requisite steps to take these actions. Thus, under either interpretation of the Operating Agreement, VH5 would succeed on its breach of contract claim. 192 193 RESTATEMENT (SECOND) CONTRACTS § 206. 46 Applying the rule of contra proferentem, I conclude that Rabe, as the sole Class A Member, had the power to remove Hill as a Director and to reduce the size of the Board. c. Assuming Rabe Had The Power To Remove Hill, Rabe Put Forward No Evidence That He Actually Did So And Thus Breached The Operating Agreement When He Dissolved OPL Rabe contends that “after consultation with legal counsel, he acted as sole Class A Member and a one-member Board in taking the actions he took with regard to winding up and dissolving OPL.”194 The problem with Rabe’s argument is that there is no documentary evidence that he took these actions—all that has been put forth in support of this argument is Rabe’s testimony.195 Indeed, Rabe acknowledged at trial that there was no written Board resolution or written consent reflecting these actions.196 As noted, Rabe and Hill never observed any sort of formalities in operating OPL. But these past failures to adhere to corporate formalities did not give Rabe license to ignore corporate formalities in the future. This is particularly the case in taking extraordinary actions like removing a director and dissolving the entity. Having held trial on this topic, it appears that it is far more likely that Rabe did not 194 Def.’s OB at 37–38. 195 TT250:22–251:5, 352:6–19 (Rabe). 196 TT352:6–354:5 (Rabe). 47 formally “resolve” to take any of these actions. Rather, it seems that Rabe viewed OPL as an entity that had no value, opted to dissolve it since it was more trouble than it was worth, and did not observe any formalities in doing so. As I will explain in more detail below, Rabe is correct that OPL had no value. With that said, the pro-contractarian public policy of Delaware demands that Rabe comply with the Operating Agreement in taking the actions he took in dissolving OPL. His failure to do so constitutes a breach of the Operating Agreement. d. Rabe Further Breached The Operating Agreement By Failing To Provide Notice Or An Accounting To VH5 Upon OPL’s Dissolution Section 9.3 of the Operating Agreement requires that the person winding up OPL provide notice to all members. 197 Section 9.4 requires, among other things, that each member of OPL be provided with a statement prepared by a CPA setting forth the assets and liabilities of OPL as of the date of dissolution. 198 VH5 argues that Rabe failed to either provide notice or a statement of assets and liabilities. 199 197 Operating Agreement § 9.3. Id. § 9.4. Section 9.4 also requires that, “[t]o the extent that the Members determine that any or all of the assets of the Company shall be sold in liquidation, the Liquidating Trustee, as promptly as possible, shall determine the Fair Market Value of the assets and such assets shall be sold[.]” VH5 alleges that Rabe failed to comply with this requirement. Pl.’s OB at 46. However, OPL had no value and no assets at liquidation, so there were no assets to be sold. 198 199 Pl.’s OB at 46–47. 48 Concerning notice, Rabe argues that the email he sent in May 2018 provided such notice. 200 However, the email relied upon by Rabe does not constitute effective notice for two reasons. First, this email was sent almost one year prior to Rabe dissolving OPL. Second, and more significantly, the email is equivocal as to whether Rabe planned to shut down OPL. Rabe wrote to Hill that “[i]n speaking with Evert we were thinking it might be easier to just close down [OPL] and have him start a new company with the same name in another jurisdiction.” 201 Rabe then asked Hill to “pause the elaboration of the transfer agreement” originally requested by Rabe.202 A statement that it “might be easier,” combined with Rabe’s request that Hill “pause” working on an agreement to transfer Rabe’s interest in OPL, is not an unequivocal notice to VH5 that Rabe was dissolving OPL. Thus, this email does not satisfy the notice requirement under Section 9.3. Concerning Section 9.4’s requirement, Rabe argues that the 2018 year-end financial statements that Rabe provided Hill on March 4, 2019, satisfied this requirement.203 Section 9.4 clearly requires that the CPA-prepared financial statements be as of the date of dissolution.204 Rabe argues that complying with this 200 Def.’s OB at 38. 201 JX 51. 202 Id. 203 Def.’s OB at 38; see also JX 62; JX 67. 204 Operating Agreement § 9.4. 49 formality was not necessary since OPL was not active in 2019 and there were no changes to assets and liabilities between the 2018 year-end financial statements and the date of dissolution. 205 While it may be the case that there were no changes in the financial statements, adopting Rabe’s argument here would directly contravene the clear requirement set forth in Section 9.4. Therefore, Rabe’s failure to provide VH5 with CPA-prepared financial statements as of the date of dissolution breached the Operating Agreement. Rabe’s Affirmative Defenses Of Waiver And Estoppel Fail Rabe asserts two affirmative defenses to VH5’s breach of contract claim: waiver and estoppel by acquiescence. 206 The party asserting an affirmative defense of waiver or estoppel by acquiescence bears the burden of proving the defense by a preponderance of the evidence.207 Concerning waiver, “[i]t is well settled in Delaware that contractual requirements or conditions may be waived.” 208 Delaware’s standard for proving waiver is ‘quite exacting.’”209 205 “Waiver is the voluntary and intentional Def.’s OB at 38. VH5 has not argued that Rabe’s affirmative defenses cannot be asserted against VH5’s claims. I ultimately conclude that Rabe has failed to prove his affirmative defenses. Thus, I need not reach the question of whether these affirmative defenses are available as a matter of law. 206 207 In re Coinmint, LLC, 261 A.3d 867, 894–95 (Del. Ch. 2021). 208 AeroGlobal Cap. Mgmt., LLC v. Cirrus Indus., Inc., 871 A.2d 428, 444 (Del. 2005). 209 Coinmint, 261 A.3d at 893. 50 relinquishment of a known right.”210 “It implies knowledge of all material facts and an intent to waive, together with a willingness to refrain from enforcing those contractual rights.”211 “Unlike waiver, ‘estoppel depends on what a party caused another to do, and involves an element of reliance.’” 212 “Estoppel is the effect of the voluntary conduct of a party whereby he is absolutely precluded from asserting rights which might perhaps have otherwise existed, as against another person, who has in good faith relied upon such conduct, and has been led thereby to change his position for the worse.”213 “The doctrine of acquiescence effectively works an estoppel: where a plaintiff has remained silent with knowledge of her rights, and the defendant has knowledge of the plaintiff’s silence and relies on that silence to the defendant’s detriment, the plaintiff will be estopped from seeking protection of those rights.” 214 VH5 will be deemed to have acquiesced where it: 210 AeroGlobal, 871 A.2d at 444. 211 Id. Coinmint, 261 A.3d at 894 (quoting Roam-Tel P’rs v. AT&T Mobility Wireless Operations Hldgs., Inc., 2010 WL 5276991, at *9 (Del. Ch. Dec. 17, 2010)). 212 Kahn v. Household Acq. Corp., 591 A.2d 166, 176 (Del. 1991) (alterations and internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting 3 J. Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence § 804, at 189 (1941)). 213 Lehman Bros. Hldgs. Inc. v. Spanish Broad. Sys., Inc., 2014 WL 718430, at *9 (Del. Ch. Feb. 25, 2014). 214 51 has full knowledge of [its] rights and the material facts and (1) remains inactive for a considerable time; or (2) freely does what amounts to recognition of the complained of act; or (3) acts in a manner inconsistent with the subsequent repudiation, which leads the other party to believe the act has been approved.215 “The party invoking the defense of acquiescence must prove that the party asserting the claim ‘by words or deed, has acknowledged the legitimacy of the defendants’ conduct.’”216 “The defense of acquiescence turns on the objective manifestations of the plaintiff’s conduct.”217 “For the defense of acquiescence to apply, conscious intent to approve the act is not required, nor is a change of position or resulting prejudice.”218 Rabe argues that his email exchanges and phone conversations with Hill in May 2018 support his defense of either waiver or estoppel by acquiescence. 219 Rabe argues that during the May 8 phone call “Hill assented to the transfer of OPL for no consideration” and that Rabe made clear on May 24, 2018, Rabe’s “chosen path to shut down OPL.”220 Rabe notes that Hill, as an attorney and the professed part-time general counsel of OPL, was well aware of his rights under the Operating Agreement 215 Klaassen v. Allegro Dev. Corp., 106 A.3d 1035, 1047 (Del. 2014). XRI Inv. Hldgs. LLC v. Holifield, 283 A.3d 581, 623 (Del. Ch. 2022) (quoting Clements v. Rogers, 790 A.2d 1222, 1238 n.46 (Del. Ch. 2001)). 216 217 Id. 218 Klaassen, 106 A.3d at 1047 (footnote omitted). 219 Def.’s OB at 47–49. 220 Id. at 48. 52 but did not provide any warning that he objected to Rabe’s plans. 221 Rabe also points to his January 2019 exchange with Hill where he stated that “the company has not been active” since May 2018 and that they “should discuss what the future plan should be for [OPL].” 222 These communications between Rabe and Hill do not support Rabe’s affirmative defenses. As noted, the standard for proving waiver is exacting. All that Rabe has put forth in support of his waiver defense is that Hill agreed to draft a sale agreement and that OPL had little to no operations during the bulk of 2018 through 2019. None of the statements by Hill support the conclusion that he “voluntarily and intentionally relinquished” his rights under the Operating Agreement related to the dissolution of OPL. Concerning estoppel by acquiescence, the statements relied upon by Rabe are insufficient to support the conclusion that Hill, either by word or deed, acknowledged the legitimacy of Rabe’s conduct. Despite Rabe’s insistence, Hill’s agreement to prepare a sale agreement that would transfer Rabe’s interest in OPL for little or no consideration does not represent an acknowledgment by Hill that Rabe could dissolve OPL. Rabe further argues that Hill’s silence between May 2018 and January 2019, after Rabe had told Hill that his plan for OPL had changed to a 221 Id. 222 Id. (citing JX 61). 53 dissolution, supports Rabe’s defense of acquiescence. But this argument fails to account for the fact that Rabe did not actually dissolve OPL until April 2019. Between January 2019 and April 2019, Hill sent Rabe several emails, none of which could be interpreted as acquiescing to dissolution of OPL. Therefore, in light of these considerations, Rabe has failed to meet his burden to prove either of his affirmative defenses by a preponderance of the evidence. VH5 Fails To Prove Damages “A plaintiff bears the burden of proving damages by a preponderance of the evidence.”223 “The law does not require certainty in the award of damages where a wrong has been proven and injury established.” 224 “Nevertheless, when acting as the fact finder, this Court may not set damages based on mere ‘speculation or conjecture’ where a plaintiff fails adequately to prove damages.’” 225 “Even if compensatory damages cannot be or have not been demonstrated, the breach of a contractual obligation often warrants an award of nominal damages.”226 “Nominal damages are ‘not given as an equivalent for the wrong, but rather merely Maverick Therapeutics, Inc. v. Harpoon Therapeutics, Inc., 2021 WL 1592473, at *10 (Del. Ch. Apr. 23, 2021). 223 224 Del. Exp. Shuttle, Inc. v. Older, 2002 WL 31458243, at *15 (Del. Ch. Oct. 23, 2002). eCommerce Indus., Inc. v. MWA Intelligence, Inc., 2013 WL 5621678, at *42 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2013) (quoting Medek v. Medek, 2009 WL 2005365, at *12 n.78 (Del. Ch. July 1, 2009)). 225 Ivize of Milwaukee, LLC v. Compex Litig. Support, LLC, 2009 WL 11111179, at *12 (Del. Ch. Apr. 27, 2009). 226 54 in recognition of a technical injury by way of declaring the rights of the plaintiff. Nominal damages are usually assessed in a trivial amount, selected simply for the purpose of declaring an infraction of the plaintiff’s rights and the commission of a wrong.’”227 VH5’s original damages theory was based on Rabe’s alleged transfer of OPL’s assets to OPL Singapore and de Boer. 228 But to the extent OPL had any assets at the time that de Boer created OPL Singapore, none of OPL’s assets were transferred to OPL Singapore.229 Apparently VH5 recognized that this was a flawed theory of damages, since it acknowledged during the pre-trial conference that it was unable to come up with evidence supporting its original theory.230 During the pre-trial teleconference, VH5’s counsel attributed this to its inability to obtain documents from de Boer. 231 But after pressing VH5’s counsel during this teleconference, it became clear that VH5’s counsel never subpoenaed de Boer and did not even try to obtain these documents until shortly before trial was to Id. (quoting Penn Mart Supermarkets, Inc. v. New Castle Shopping LLC, 2005 WL 3502054, at *15 (Del. Ch. Dec. 15, 2005)). 227 228 Dkt. 64 at 13–15. 229 See supra Section II.A.2. 230 Pre-Trial T/C at 6:21–7:10. Id. at 11:6–12 (“[PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL]: That’s correct Your Honor. I mean, the person who is not – who is not present in this proceeding is [ ] de Boer, who is the gentleman in Singapore who is an OPL consultant and to whom Rabe transferred the business. It was our understanding that he would be providing us with information, and all of a sudden he did not.”). 231 55 begin, well after the cutoff date for fact discovery. 232 VH5’s counsel was unable to provide any satisfactory reason for its intransigence in seeking these documents. 233 So, less than a month before trial, VH5 switched its entire damages theory and now argues that at least some portion of Rabe’s Can$1 million signing bonus was intended to compensate Rabe for his interest in OPL. 234 VH5 has cited no law in support of the proposition that I may use Rabe’s signing bonus to join as CEO of Aimia as a proxy for calculating the value of OPL. VH5 put forward no expert to Id. at 13:3–7 (“THE COURT: When did you first request these documents [concerning OPL Singapore]? [PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL]: I believe I did that in my letter that’s attached to the motion. I believe it’s August 1st.”); id. at 19:13–23 (“[DEFENDANT’S COUNSEL]: . . . I should point out that this case was originally supposed to go to trial in September of 2021, so really, the case began back in April of 2020, and at that time, up until the fact discovery deadline, the plaintiff, as you were exploring with [Plaintiff’s counsel], did not seek a subpoena to get documents from Aimia or from Mr. Mittleman or take their depositions. It should be noted that they also did not seek to subpoena Mr. de Boer or obtain documents from Mr. de Boer.”). 232 Id. at 13:8–24 (“THE COURT: Why the delay [in seeking documents from de Boer]? [PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL]: Well, I mean – well, I mean, Your Honor, I think the – you know, with respect to the expert issues, you know – I mean, these documents – these documents or these documents, or these deposition transcripts, they effectively go to damages, okay. So it’s a – it’s a damages theory based on the view that Rabe divested his interest in OPL in exchange for the signing bonus. It’s you know – I would say in terms of – I mean, could they have been requested sooner? I suppose that’s correct. But like I said, our damages theory was different than it is now. And it’s been the – you know, it’s been the inability to obtain that information from Singapore that pushed us in this direction and necessitated this request.”). 233 234 Pl.’s OB at 49–51. 56 support either this proposition or to put forward a valuation of OPL. VH5 does not even suggest what portion of Rabe’s signing bonus should be attributed to OPL.235 At bottom, VH5 failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that OPL had any value. And, to be clear, this was not a close call. OPL was an operating company for less than six months. Furthermore, it was a consulting company where all value was attributable to Rabe and the other consultants brought in by Rabe. The minimal evidence presented at trial left me convinced that, the second Rabe stepped away from OPL to join Aimia, whatever small value OPL might otherwise have had was eliminated. VH5’s reliance on Rabe’s email with Phil Mittleman where Rabe touts the purported success of OPL is misguided. This email exchange was in the context of Rabe negotiating to obtain the highest compensation possible. And as noted, Rabe’s comments about the purported success of OPL is better viewed as optimistic selfpromotion. Furthermore, to the extent VH5 thinks Phil Mittleman’s comment that Aimia could do an “acquihire” and obtain both Rabe and OPL, it is undisputed that Aimia never acquired OPL. VH5 is unable to account for this fact in its theory of damages.236 In addition, Rabe’s Can$1 million signing bonus is attributable to two VH5 also failed to take even the simple step of converting the signing bonus to U.S. dollars, so that is not in the record. 235 I pause to highlight my concern that Phil Mittleman’s deposition testimony concerning OPL was influenced by Rabe’s litigation against Aimia in Canada, given Mittleman Brothers’ significant financial interest in Aimia. VH5 failed to arrange to have Phil 236 57 far more concrete items: (1) the millions of dollars of LifeMiles options that, it is undisputed, everyone assumed Rabe would need to forfeit if he joined Aimia and (2) Aimia’s desire to induce Rabe to join as CEO.237 In short, VH5 has failed to meet its burden to prove damages. With that said, VH5 has shown that Rabe breached the Operating Agreement when he dissolved OPL without Hill’s or VH5’s consent. VH5 is therefore entitled to nominal damages of one dollar. This result is all the more appropriate considering OPL had little to no value anyway. VH5 Is Not Entitled To A “Do-Over” In Proving Damages VH5 argues that in the event I conclude that it has failed to meet its burden in proving damages, then it should be granted leave to obtain financial information from de Boer on the present value of OPL’s business.238 I have devoted significant Mittleman testify in person for this litigation, where he would have been subject to crossexamination. And, compounding issues with VH5’s reliance on Phil Mittleman’s deposition testimony, he was not involved in the final negotiation of Rabe’s compensation package. Even setting aside any evidentiary issues, which the parties have not raised, I still do not rely on Phil Mittleman’s account of events for purposes of this decision. See, e.g., SX 19 (“The initial equity grant [and] buyout of [OPL] needs to offset losing these [LifeMiles] options and create some immediate liquidity.”). Furthermore, Section 4.7 of the Operating Agreement clearly provides that “[n]either the Company nor any Member shall have any right, by virtue of this Agreement, to share or participate in such other activities or the income or proceeds derived” from a Director’s other business interests and activities. Operating Agreement § 4.7. 237 Pl.’s OB at 51–53. VH5 does not cite to any Delaware caselaw supporting the proposition that I should reopen the factual record to allow it to prove damages after failing to meet its burden at trial. Rather, VH5 cites to a 1980 case from the Court of Appeals for 238 58 passages of this memorandum opinion to highlighting VH5’s intransigence in prosecuting this case, including its failure even to attempt to compel the production of OPL Singapore’s financial records until the month of trial. VH5 is not entitled to a “do-over” now, well after the close of trial. Thus, to the extent VH5’s argument on this point should be interpreted as a motion to reopen the case so that it may continue its efforts to divine the value of a valueless company, the motion is denied. Also, given my stated concerns that VH5 brought and maintained this litigation as leverage over Rabe, continued litigation would be inequitable. B. VH5’s Implied Covenant Claim Is Duplicative Of Its Breach Of Contract Claim And Thus Fails The implied covenant is “a limited and extraordinary remedy” and “is not an equitable remedy for rebalancing economic interests after events that could have been anticipated, but were not, that later adversely affected one party to a contract.”239 “The implied covenant is inherent in all contracts and is used to confer contract terms ‘to handle developments or contractual gaps that the asserting party pleads neither party anticipated.’”240 “The implied covenant cannot be invoked to the State of Washington, which does not constitute binding precedential authority. Pl.’s OB at 52 (quoting Cerjance v. Kehres, 613 P.2d 192 (Wash. Ct. App. 1980)). 239 Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1128 (Del. 2010). Dieckman v. Regency GP LP, 155 A.3d 358, 367 (Del. 2017) (quoting Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1125 (Del. 2010)). 240 59 override the express terms of the contract.” 241 “The party asserting the implied covenant has the burden of proving ‘that the other party has acted arbitrarily or unreasonably, thereby frustrating the fruits of the bargain that the asserting party reasonably expected.’” 242 VH5’s claim that Rabe breached the implied covenant is challenging to follow. VH5 appears to argue that Rabe’s facilitation of “de Boer’s take over [sic] OPL’s business without objection is a breach of the implied covenant[.]” 243 Per VH5, “Rabe was the Executive Officer of OPL with general supervision and control over and responsibility for OPL’s day-to-day operations” and “[h]e breached the implied covenant by facilitating de Boer’s assumption and takeover of the [sic] OPL’s business.”244 In support of its position, the caselaw on which VH5 primarily relies is our Supreme Court’s opinion in Dieckman v. Regency GP LP.245 In Dieckman, the general partner of a publicly traded master limited partnership issued a proxy statement to induce unitholders to approve a conflicted transaction.246 The general 241 Kuroda v. SPJS Hldgs., L.L.C., 871 A.2d 872, 888 (Del. 2009). 242 Baldwin v. New Wood Resources LLC, 283 A.3d 1099, 1118 (Del. 2022). 243 Pl.’s OB at 42. 244 Id. at 44. 245 Id. at 43–44. 246 Dieckman, 155 A.3d at 367–68. 60 partner was not required to issue a proxy statement, but doing so allowed the general partner to claim the protections of a safe harbor contained in the limited partnership agreement that would have protected the merger from judicial review. 247 A unitholder claimed that the proxy statement contained false and misleading statements.248 Our Supreme Court held that once the general partner went beyond the minimal disclosure requirements of the LP agreement and issued the detailed proxy statement, the implied covenant required that it not mislead unitholders. 249 Per VH5, Dieckman is applicable here because “Rabe should not be able to subvert the Operating Agreement’s protections against a sale or disposal of all of [sic] substantially all of OPL’s assets by facilitating de Boer’s assumption and takeover of OPL’s business.”250 I struggle to see any connection between Dieckman and this dispute. VH5 has not claimed that Rabe somehow made false or misleading statements to induce VH5’s consent to a supposedly improper transfer of OPL’s assets. Indeed, Rabe expressly told Hill that he intended to transfer OPL to de Boer, and Hill did not voice any objection. At bottom, VH5’s implied covenant claim is duplicative of its breach of contract claim—VH5 essentially rehashes its argument that Rabe breached the 247 Id. 248 Id. at 360. 249 Id. at 368. 250 Pl.’s OB at 44. 61 Operating Agreement by allegedly transferring OPL’s assets to OPL Singapore. But “[t]he implied covenant cannot be invoked to override the express terms of the contract.”251 Thus, VH5 has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Rabe breached the implied covenant. C. Rabe Is Not Entitled To Fee Shifting Rabe seeks fee shifting, arguing that “[t]his case was brought by [VH5] in bad faith and is driven, not by any harm that VH5 claims that it suffered, but rather due to a personal grudge held by Felsher.” 252 “Delaware operates by the American Rule, under which ‘litigants are expected to bear their own costs of litigation.’” 253 One exception to this general rule is the bad faith exception: The bad faith exception to the American rule applies in cases where the court finds litigation to have been brought in bad faith or finds that a party conducted the litigation process itself in bad faith, thereby unjustifiably increasing the costs of litigation. . . . The bad faith exception is not lightly invoked. The party seeking a fee award bears the stringent evidentiary burden of producing ‘clear evidence’ of bad-faith conduct. 254 I have highlighted throughout this memorandum opinion many of my concerns with the behavior by VH5 and Hill in litigating this action.255 As discussed, 251 Kuroda v. SPJS Hldgs., L.L.C., 871 A.2d 872, 888 (Del. 2009). 252 Def.’s OB at 50. Manti Hldgs., LLC v. Authentix Acq. Co., Inc., 2020 WL 4596838, at *4 (Del. Ch. Aug. 11, 2020) (quoting Beck v. Atl. Coast PLC, 868 A.2d 840, 850 (Del. Ch. 2005)). 253 254 Beck, 868 A.2d at 850–51. 255 See, e.g., supra Section I.I. 62 I found that much of Hill’s trial testimony was not credible. I also noted my serious concerns with Hill’s behavior in his interactions with Rabe given that Hill is an attorney. In addition, Rabe, in his post-trial briefing, set forth other troubling actions by VH5 and Hill over the course of this litigation.256 Finally, I have grave reservations about whether Felsher, a non-party in this litigation, may have used this Court to put pressure on Rabe, either to exact personal revenge for Felsher’s termination from Aimia, to create leverage in the parallel litigation in Canada, or both. With that said, I cannot conclude that Rabe has produced clear evidence of bad faith such that the extraordinary remedy of fee shifting is warranted. Ultimately, Rabe did breach the Operating Agreement. While VH5 is entitled to only nominal damages, it has nonetheless prevailed on its breach of contract claim. Even considering the concerning tactics taken by VH5 and Hill throughout this litigation, I would be hard pressed to find that VH5 has engaged in a level of bad faith that See Def.’s OB at 52–53 (discussing how Hill and VH5 initially denied ever receiving the May 2018 email exchange in VH5’s sworn responses to Rabe’s RFAs but later changed the denial to an “admitted”); id. at 53 (highlighting Hill’s highly suspect claim during trial that he had become aware in 2019 “from reputable industry sources that OPL billed in excess of one million dollars” but refusing to identify these “reputable sources” or produce any documentation substantiating these claims); id. at 54 (noting that Hill refused to produce any emails, texts, or other correspondence from, to, or copying Felsher on the basis of attorney-client privilege, even though VH5 never produced a privilege log). 256 63 would warrant overriding the American Rule when it ultimately prevailed on its claim. Therefore, Rabe’s request for fee shifting must be rejected. III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, Count III of VH5’s Complaint must be dismissed. VH5 is entitled to judgment in its favor on Count II and is awarded nominal damages in the amount of one dollar. The parties are directed to confer and submit a proposed form of final judgment within five business days. 64
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