Louisiana v. Joint Pipeline Group
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Cite as 2010 Ark. 374
SUPREME COURT OF ARKANSAS
No.
09-1093
STATE OF LOUISIANA, ET AL.;
LO U ISIAN A ENVIR ON M EN TAL
ACTION NETWORK; SAVE THE
OUACHITA; and KENT STEGALL,
APPELLANTS,
VS.
JOINT PIPELINE GROUP, ET AL.;
CITY OF EL DORADO WASTE
UTILITIES; GREAT LAKES
CHEMICAL COMPANY; ARKANSAS
POLLUTION CONTROL &
ECOLOGY COMMISSION; LION OIL
COMPANY, and EL DORADO
CHEMICAL COMPANY,
APPELLEES,
Opinion Delivered October 7, 2010
AN APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT
COURT OF UNION COUNTY,
ARKANSAS, NO. CV-2008-292, CV2008-293, CV-2008-296-6,
HONORABLE DAVID FREDRIC
GUTHRIE, CIRCUIT JUDGE,
AFFIRMED.
ELANA CUNNINGHAM WILLS, Associate Justice
This is an appeal from an order of the Union County Circuit Court affirming a
decision by the Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology Commission (PC&E or “the
Commission”) that approved the issuance of a National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit by the Arkansas Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ).
The appellants are the State of Louisiana,1 the Louisiana Environmental Action Network
1
Louisiana, as a party, is composed of Louisiana Attorney General Charles C. Foti, Jr.;
the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ); the Louisiana Department of
Culture, Recreation, and Tourism (LDCRT); and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and
Fisheries (LDWF).
Cite as 2010 Ark. 374
(LEAN), and Save the Ouachita and Kent Stegall (collectively, STO). The appellees, who
were awarded the NDPES permit, are the City of El Dorado Waste Utilities (EDWU), El
Dorado Chemical Company (EDCC), Lion Oil Company (Lion), and Great Lakes Chemical
Company (Great Lakes); collectively, these appellees are called the Joint Pipeline Group
(JPG). In addition, PC&E is an appellee.
On November 16, 2004, the JPG submitted an NPDES permit application to ADEQ
for the El Dorado Joint Pipeline project. That same day, EDWU submitted an application
to build a pipeline to carry its own treated wastewater, along with that of Lion, Great Lakes,
and EDCC, to the Ouachita River. Between September 20, 2004 and November 16, 2004,
the four individual members of the JPG submitted applications to modify their existing
NPDES permits.2 ADEQ issued a public notice regarding the draft permits on March 22,
2006, and on May 18, 2006, it held a public hearing to take comments on them. ADEQ
subsequently extended the deadline for submitting comments on the proposals until June 21,
2006.
After receiving and responding to the numerous comments that were submitted,
ADEQ issued Permit No. AR0050296 on February 27, 2007. The permit, effective April 1,
2
Prior to the application for this permit, Lion discharged its treated wastewater into
Loutre Creek; Great Lakes discharged into a tributary of the Ouachita; EDCC had a permit
to discharge its treated wastewater directly into the Ouachita River; and EDWU had two
treatment plants, one of which discharged into Bayou D’Loutre Creek and the other of
which discharged into Flat Creek. In 2003, EDWU received an NPDES permit authorizing
it to build its own wastewater pipeline to the Ouachita River. Because of the cost of
building its own pipeline, however, EDWU opted to participate in the joint pipeline.
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2007, allowed JPG to discharge their combined waste, totaling approximately 20 million
gallons per day, through a common pipeline into the Ouachita River 1.5 miles downstream
of the H.K. Thatcher Dam in Segment 2D of the Ouachita River Basin. ADEQ also issued
modifications to each individual permit that allowed the discharge of wastewater to the
Ouachita River through the joint pipeline, and it also issued EDWU a construction permit
to build the joint pipeline.
On March 26, 2007, STO filed a Third-Party Request for Commission Review and
Adjudicatory Hearing with PC&E; this request was assigned Docket No. 07-006-P. JPG
filed a Request for Adjudicatory Hearing and Commission Review on March 28, 2007
(Docket No. 07-007-P). Louisiana filed a Request for Commission Review and
Adjudicatory Hearing, which became Docket No. 07-008-P, on March 29, 2007. LEAN
filed a similar request on March 30, 2007 (Docket No. 07-009-P). Michael O’Malley,
PC&E’s Administrative Hearing Officer (AHO), entered Order No. 2 on April 25, 2007,
consolidating all of these dockets under Docket No. 07-006-P and setting a briefing schedule
and dates for oral argument.
After a seven-day hearing, which lasted from October 29, 2007 until November 6,
2007, the AHO issued Order No. 9 on May 8, 2008 in which it affirmed, for the most part,
the joint pipeline permits issued by ADEQ.3 Louisiana, LEAN, and STO all sought review
3
Several issues were reversed and remanded to the Director of ADEQ, but none of
those matters are raised in any of the appellants’ points on appeal.
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of the AHO’s decision by the Commission. The Commission, however, entered Minute
Order No. 08-23 on June 27, 2008, adopting and affirming, without modification, Order
No. 9.
Louisiana, LEAN, and STO then appealed the Commission’s decision to the Union
County Circuit Court. After a hearing on October 31, 2008, the circuit court entered a
judgment on March 31, 2009, affirming the decision of the Commission. The three
appellants all filed timely notices of appeal and have now filed separate briefs with this court.
I. Standard of Review
Before addressing the merits of the arguments raised in this appeal, it is crucial to
discuss our standard of review for cases arising from decisions of the Commission. Generally,
when reviewing administrative decisions, we uphold such decisions if they are supported by
substantial evidence and are not arbitrary, capricious, or characterized by an abuse of
discretion. Pine Bluff for Safe Disposal v. Ark. Pollution Control & Ecology Comm’n, 354 Ark.
563, 572, 127 S.W.3d 509, 515–16 (2003); Hamilton v. Ark. Pollution Control & Ecology
Comm’n, 333 Ark. 370, 969 S.W.2d 6653 (1998). The appellate court’s review is directed,
not toward the circuit court, but toward the decision of the agency, because administrative
agencies are better equipped by specialization, insight through experience, and more flexible
procedures than courts, to determine and analyze legal issues affecting their agencies. Pine
Bluff for Safe Disposal, supra.
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In determining whether a decision is supported by substantial evidence, we review
the record to ascertain if the decision is supported by relevant evidence that a reasonable
mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Id. In doing so, we give the evidence
its strongest probative force in favor of the administrative agency. Id. The question is not
whether the testimony would have supported a contrary finding, but whether it supports
the finding that was made. Id.; Ark. Bd. of Exam’rs v. Carlson, 334 Ark. 614, 976 S.W.2d 934
(1998). Expert testimony qualifies as substantial evidence unless it is shown that the expert
opinion is without a reasonable basis. Ark. State Plant Bd. v. Bullock, 345 Ark. 373, 48 S.W.3d
516 (2001). As is true for any other factfinder, it is the prerogative of the agency to believe
or disbelieve any witness and to decide what weight to accord the evidence. Pine Bluff for Safe
Disposal, supra; Carlson, 334 Ark. 614, 976 S.W.2d 934.
Appeals from the decisions of the Arkansas Pollution Control and Ecology
Commission, however, are not governed by the procedures established in the Arkansas
Administrative Procedure Act. See Arkansas Code Annotated section 25-15-202(2)(C) (Supp.
2009)4 ; Pine Bluff for Safe Disposal, 354 Ark. at 573, 127 S.W.3d at 516. Rather, specific
procedures are set forth in Arkansas Code Annotated sections 8-4-223 to -229 (Repl. 2007).
See Tri-County Solid Waste Dist. v. Ark. Pollution Control & Ecology Comm’n, 365 Ark. 368,
4
This statute declares that “[t]he word ‘agency’ shall not include . . . the Arkansas
Pollution Control and Ecology Commission . . . , it being determined by the General
Assembly that the existing laws governing those agencies provide adequate administrative
procedures for those agencies.”
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374–75, 230 S.W.3d 545, 550 (2006). Section 8-4-229(a) provides that in any appeal
involving a decision by the Commission, “the action of the commission shall be prima facie
evidence reasonable and valid, and it shall be presumed that all requirements of the law
pertaining to the taking thereof have been complied with.” Section 8-4-229(b) provides that
“[a]ll findings of fact made by the Commission shall be prima facie evidence of the matters
stated therein.” Further, under section 8-4-229(c), “[t]he burden of proving the contrary rests
upon the party challenging the Commission’s action.” Thus, to reverse an action of the
Commission, it is the appellant’s burden to rebut the presumption that the Commission’s
decision is reasonable and valid and has complied with all the requirements of the law. TriCounty Solid Waste Dist., 365 Ark. at 375, 230 S.W.3d at 550; Pine Bluff for Safe Disposal, 354
Ark. at 573, 127 S.W.3d at 516.
II. Arguments of Appellant State of Louisiana
Louisiana raises three primary arguments on appeal, contending that: 1) the permit
issued to the JPG was not based on generally accepted scientific knowledge or in accordance
with sound engineering practices; 2) ADEQ and the Commission failed to provide Louisiana
with sufficient opportunity to review the data upon which the permit was based and to
comment upon such data; and 3) ADEQ and the Commission failed to ensure that the
discharges under the challenged permits would not compromise Louisiana’s water quality.
A. Generally Accepted Scientific Knowledge and Engineering Practices
In its first argument on appeal, Louisiana asserts that the permit issued by ADEQ and
affirmed by the Commission was not based on generally accepted scientific knowledge and
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engineering practices. This language is found in Arkansas Code Annotated section 8-4203(d)(2)(B)(i) (Repl. 2007), which provides as follows:
In the case of any discharge limit, emission limit, environmental
standard, analytical method, or monitoring requirements, the record of the
proposed action and the response shall include a written explanation of the
rationale for the proposal, demonstrating that any technical requirements or
standards are based upon generally accepted scientific knowledge and
engineering practices.
Louisiana urges that the record in this case demonstrates that the permit was based not on
generally accepted scientific knowledge and engineering practices, but upon a flawed
computer model utilized by the environmental consulting firm employed by JPG to assess
the Ouachita River.
JPG hired the consulting firm of GBMc & Associates (GBMc) to evaluate the waterquality impacts of the pipeline’s discharge on the Ouachita River and in the Felsenthal
National Wildlife Refuge. Roland McDaniel of GBMc testified before the AHO that he
conducted a series of toxicity, or biomonitoring, tests to determine whether the permit
would comply with the Commission’s Regulation No. 2.508, which provides in part that
“[t]oxic substances shall not be present in receiving waters, after mixing, in such quantities
as to be toxic to human, animal, plant or aquatic life or to interfere with the normal
propagation, growth and survival of the indigenous aquatic biota.” He explained that the tests
consisted of exposing two different species—a fathead minnow and a water flea—to the
effluent being discharged from the pipeline for seven days to determine whether the creatures
suffered any negative impact form the effluent. McDaniel stated that the results of his testing
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showed that not only did the minnow and water flea not die in the effluent, but they grew
and reproduced healthily.
In addition to the toxicity testing, GBMc ran a series of computer models to
determine the impacts of the effluent. Greg Phillips of GBMc first ran a computer model
called Multi-SMP to determine the permit limits for oxygen-demanding substances. Philips
initially received a model of the Ouachita River from ADEQ and updated that model with
GBMc’s own depth data; he then re-ran the models over a twenty-mile-long section of the
river with the wasteloads that had been proposed for the joint pipeline. That model
indicated that there would be an “oxygen sag” near Moro Bay, but the sag would be well
within the water quality limits set for dissolved oxygen and would begin to recover well
before the Ouachita reached the Louisiana state border. Phillips noted that the Multi-SMP
model was more conservative than many other models, providing more conservative
predictions of oxygen than did later model runs.
Around June of 2005, Phillips “started hearing that there may be some concerns over
nutrient levels in the river.” Accordingly, GBMc ran an EPA-approved computer model
called AQUATOX to assess whether the addition of nutrients would have an effect on the
growth of plants in the Felsenthal. The purpose of the AQUATOX model was to determine
whether the addition of nutrients, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, via the pipeline would
produce a change in aquatic plant growth. Comparison of a chart of areas without the
additional nutrients with a chart showing the addition of phosphorus and nitrogen showed
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that there was not “any effect on plant growth.” Phillips explained that, in order to calibrate
the AQUATOX model, he collected samples of the biomass from at least two or three
locations in Felsenthal.5
In addition to the Multi-SMP and AQUATOX models, Phillips utilized two other
calibrated computer models: the QUAL2K and the WASP. The QUAL2K model was also
intended to measure the impacts of nutrients in the Ouachita River and was used as a
comparison to the dissolved oxygen results derived from the Multi-SMP model. The WASP
model was used to predict dissolved oxygen levels in the Crooked S Slough on an annual
basis; that model, as well as the QUAL2K model, showed that the discharge from the
pipeline would not significantly impact oxygen levels.
Despite the model runs, Louisiana remained concerned that the river depths that had
been used by GBMc in its modeling did not match a model produced by the Corps of
Engineers that showed the river to be much deeper. In response, Phillips increased the river
depth in his models and ran them again. Phillips testified that he “took the QUAL2 model
results that we had with actual river depth, and . . . just forced the model to include a deeper
river, as Louisiana suggested, and we re-ran the model . . . and the results were pretty much
the same as they had been in the original report. There was no change.” Phillips opined that
5
Phillips explained that calibration is “a process by which you go to the field and you
collect real water quality data in whatever condition you observe when you’re in the field
that day. You take that data back and you use it in a water quality model as basically a target
for your predictions.”
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this was because the Ouachita was so deep to begin with, so “that much more depth doesn’t
have a big bearing on anything in the model.”
Phillips testified that his office received a map called a “HEC model” of the river’s
field depth from the Corps of Engineers to use in connection with the QUAL2K model.
Phillips stated that he believed that the Corps’ model had been put together back in the early
1980s. After deposition testimony uncovered a problem and after further consultation with
the Corps, it was finally discovered that the Corps’ model did not represent the two
dams—the Thatcher Dam and the Felsenthal Dam—on the river. Since his data “was much
newer,” however, he believed he could count on his data. Phillips acknowledged that the
presence of the two dams would change the hydrology of the river, but he noted that the
final modeling that was completed used the actual river depths, and the results reached with
the Corps’ HEC model were “basically no differen[t]” than the results he reached using the
actual depth as measured in the field.
In Order No. 9, the AHO found that the impacts of the Thatcher and Felsenthal dams
were taken into account in the modeling, even though one run of the QUAL2K model used
the Corps’ HEC model that produced incorrect river depths. The AHO further found that
GBMc addressed this concern by taking additional river-depth measurements and running
the QUAL2K based on the new data. The AHO also pointed out that Louisiana failed to
present any modeling evidence of its own to show that the river depths found by GMBc
were “so fatally flawed as to be useless.” Because the new data and the differences in the river
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depths did not impact the results of the Multi-SMP or other QUAL2K models, the AHO
concluded that the modeling of the Ouachita River met the standard of “generally accepted
scientific knowledge and engineering practice.”
On appeal, Louisiana argues that the permits issued by ADEQ were not based on
generally accepted scientific knowledge because the Multi-SMP model was inadequate due
to a lack of calibration and that QUAL2K computer model utilized by Phillips was based on
the Corps of Engineers’ model that did not accurately reflect the hydrology of the Ouachita
River—i.e., the model was based on a map that did not reflect the presence of the two dams
on the river. In support of its argument, it cites testimony from its own expert witnesses
who all stated that it was critical to “get the hydrology correct.” For example, Richard Duerr
of LDEQ testified that “the first thing you have to do with any . . . water quality model is
to make sure that the model is hydraulically calibrated. If it’s not, it’s over at that point.” In
addition, LEAN’s hydrology expert, Eldon Blancher, testified that “if you get the hydrology
wrong, then nothing else matters.” Louisiana also points to Phillips’s testimony wherein he
stated that the Corps of Engineers had “given [them] a model that wouldn’t have been
capable of doing exactly what we were trying to use it for.” In essence, Louisiana argues
that, because its experts testified that getting the hydrology correct was of critical importance,
and because the underlying modeling data was wrong, then the permit was improperly
issued.
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Louisiana relies on cases such as State of Ohio v. United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 784 F.2d 224 (6th Cir. 1986), in support of its argument that where an agency relies
on a flawed computer model, the resulting permit is not based on sound science and
engineering practice, and such reliance renders the decision arbitrary, capricious, and not in
accordance with the law. State of Ohio, however, involved a situation in which only one
computer model was used, and EPA’s reliance on that model was demonstrably flawed
because, while the model was sensitive to site-specific characteristics, EPA did not validate
the model at different sites in accordance with its own guidelines. State of Ohio, 784 F.2d at
231.
In the present case, however, multiple computer models were used, and even the
QUAL2K model that Louisiana alleges was faulty was run a second time with corrected
parameters. Louisiana first complains that the Multi-SMP model was “inadequate” and
uncalibrated. Testifying for Louisiana, Barbara Romanowsky, the administrator of LDEQ’s
water quality assessment division, asserted that the Multi-SMP model had not been calibrated
to water quality data, but she also conceded that she did not re-run that model, even though
she had all of the model input data, because she did not feel it was an “appropriate model for
this circumstance.”6 As noted above, the AHO placed considerable import on the fact that
Louisiana did none of its own modeling to rebut or refute the modeling conducted on behalf
6
Romanowsky’s testimony was also controverted by Michael Corn of environmental
consulting firm Aquaeter, who stated that, with the Multi-SMP model, “they actually had
measured depths they put into that stretch, so those depths were right on.”
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of the permit applicants, and the Commission upheld the AHO’s findings. Because our
statutes place on the challenging party the burden of rebutting the presumption that the
Commission’s decision is reasonable and valid and has complied with all the requirements of
the law, we cannot disagree that Louisiana failed to meet its burden of proof.
Louisiana then takes particular issue with the QUAL2K model, arguing that the
permit was not based on good science because the data underlying the computer model was
incorrect. The testimony showed, however, that the three other computer models were not
based on the Corps’ HEC model, but were instead calibrated using actual field
measurements. In addition, the evidence also showed that when the QUAL2K model was
run a second time after the permit issued, with the correct river depth and velocity
information, the results were not substantially different from the first QUAL2K model and
continued to show that the discharge from the proposed pipeline would not have an adverse
effect on the Ouachita. Moreover, Michael Corn, the president and technical director of an
environmental consulting firm called Aquaeter, testified that the presence or absence of the
dams in the computer model was “a moot point,” because the models that were used took
into account the actual changes in depth along the length of the river.
Louisiana attempts to make much of its witnesses’ testimony regarding the importance
of proper hydrology and asserts that the Commission’s disregarding of its experts rendered
its decision unsupportable. This court has noted, however, that expert testimony qualifies as
substantial evidence unless it is shown that the expert opinion is without a reasonable basis.
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Pine Bluff for Safe Disposal, 354 Ark. at 573, 127 S.W.3d at 516 (citing Ark. State Plant Bd. v.
Bullock, 345 Ark. 373, 48 S.W.3d 516 (2001)). “As true for any other factfinder, it is the
prerogative of the agency to believe or disbelieve any witness and to decide what weight to
accord the evidence.” Id. (citing Ark. Bd. of Exam’rs v. Carlson, 334 Ark. 614, 976 S.W.2d
934 (1998)).
Here, the AHO—and, subsequently, the Commission—clearly credited Phillips’s
testimony. The AHO found that
the impact of the Thatcher and Felsenthal dams were taken into account by
the modeling, even though one run of the QUAL2K model used the [Corps
of Engineers’] HEC model that produced incorrect river depths. GBMc
addressed this concern by taking additional river depth measurements and
running the QUAL2K based on the new data and the difference in river
depths did not impact the results of the Multi-SMP or other QUAL2K
models.
In addition, the AHO specifically found that, despite Louisiana’s complaints about GBMc’s
modeling, Louisiana “did not present any modeling evidence to show that the river depths
found by GBMc were so fatally flawed to be useless.”
As noted above, Louisiana has the burden of proving that the Commission’s findings
of fact were not prima facie evidence of the matters therein stated. See Ark. Code Ann. § 84-229(c). Given that it was within the Commission’s purview to determine which expert is
more credible, Louisiana’s argument that its experts disagreed with JPG’s expert are simply
unavailing and insufficient to satisfy its burden of proof in this case.
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B. Sufficient Notice and Opportunity to Be Heard
According to the language of 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(3),7 a state whose waters may be
affected by an NPDES permit has the right to notice of each application for a permit and an
opportunity to be heard before a ruling on each application. In its second point on appeal,
Louisiana argues that it was deprived of a sufficient opportunity to review the data upon
which the permit was based and to comment upon that data. It complains primarily that
GBMc’s Revised Final Report was issued on February 13, 2007 and emailed to LDEQ on
February 15, 2007, but ADEQ demanded that Louisiana review the report and provide
comments within five days, or by February 20, 2007. Further, Louisiana alleges that the
document that was emailed on February 15 did not contain a readable version of the data sets
contained in the appendices to the report and was thus “virtually useless.” After receiving
the report, Louisiana informed ADEQ that it maintained its objection to the issuance of the
permits until it had sufficient time to review the report. ADEQ nonetheless issued the
permits on February 28, 2007, and Louisiana did not get a copy of the electronic version of
the modeling for the Revised Final Report until May 9, 2007, after the permit had been
issued. This, Louisiana contends, deprived it of its right to have a meaningful opportunity
7
Section 1342 provides the means by which a state may seek to administer its own
NPDES permit program. Section 1342(b) states, in part, that, “[a]t any time after the
promulgation of the guidelines required by subsection (i)(2) of section 1314 of this title, the
Governor of each State desiring to administer its own permit program for discharges into
navigable waters within its jurisdiction may submit to the Administrator [of EPA] a full and
complete description of the program it proposes to establish and administer under State law
or under an interstate compact.”
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to review the data upon which the permit was based and comment thereupon, alleging that
it would have uncovered the faulty HEC model had it only been given more time.
The AHO and the Commission disagreed with Louisiana’s arguments, finding that
Louisiana had been actively involved in the permitting process since 2005. The AHO, in his
opinion, which was adopted and affirmed by the Commission, noted that Louisiana
requested information on GBMc’s modeling work at least seven times, and asked ADEQ on
at least four occasions to defer issuance of the pipeline permit. In addition, the AHO found
that Louisiana submitted comments on the draft permits prior to the extended public
comment deadline of June 21, 2006. The AHO further commented that Louisiana received
a copy of GBMc’s June 1, 2006 Nutrient Model Report and not only commented on the
report, but asked for more data and a ninety-day extension of the comment period to make
more extensive comments.
Citing the testimony presented by the parties, the AHO pointed out that Richard
Duerr of LDEQ had informed the EPA in August 2006 that he intended to conduct a model
of the Ouachita from Smackover Creek in Arkansas to Columbia Dam in Louisiana;
however, LDEQ did not give him permission to do the modeling. The AHO stated that
Louisiana’s objections to GBMc’s models concerned those things that Louisiana felt was left
out of the models, but Duerr testified that he could not reach a conclusion about the
potential impact of the pipeline without modeling the river into Louisiana. In addition,
Barbara Romanowsky, the water quality assessment administrator with LDEQ, also conceded
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that LDEQ had not done any modeling itself, nor did she personally do any modeling or
review any of GBMc’s models. The AHO found that, because Louisiana did not conduct any
modeling itself or present evidence as to what its models might have shown, had it done any,
he had “no reason to believe that Louisiana would have submitted any meaningful comments
on the Revised Final Report had it been given additional time in which to review it.”
Accordingly, the AHO concluded that Louisiana had sufficient opportunity to make, and did
make, meaningful comments on the modeling reports and draft permits.
The AHO also found that ADEQ had complied with 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(5), which
is intended to ensure that a state whose waters may be affected by the issuance of a permit
has the opportunity to submit written recommendations to the permitting state and, if such
recommendations are not accepted by the permitting state, the permitting state must notify
the affected state in writing of its failure to accept the recommendations, together with its
reasons for so doing. The AHO found that Louisiana’s sole “recommendation” to ADEQ
was nothing more than a request for additional time to comment prior to ADEQ’s decision
on the permit application. Thus, because Louisiana did not make any “recommendations”
regarding the draft permit that would have required a response from ADEQ, the AHO
concluded that ADEQ had complied with 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(5). Again, the Commission
affirmed these findings.
As noted above, Louisiana argues on appeal that ADEQ’s failure to provide it with
GBMc’s electronic modeling data and to provide a reasonable opportunity to analyze that
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data and comment on it was a violation of 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(3) & (5), as well as 40 C.F.R.
§ 122.4 and “the basic tenets of administrative procedure.” JPG responds that Louisiana was
indeed provided a meaningful opportunity to participate, in the sense that a “meaningful”
opportunity means that the proposal must be “sufficiently descriptive of the subjects and
issues involved so that interested parties [could] offer criticism and comment.” Northwest
Airlines, Inc. v. Goldschmidt, 564 F.2d 1309 (8th Cir. 1982) (citing Ethyl Corp. v. Environmental
Protection Agency, 541 F.2d 1 (D.C. Cir. 1976)). According to JPG, the notice need not
contain “every precise proposal” that the agency may ultimately adopt. Id. at 1319. Rather,
the main question for evaluating whether an opportunity for comment is “meaningful” is a
determination of whether it is “sufficiently descriptive of the ‘subjects and issues involved’
so that interested parties [can] offer criticism and comment.” Id.
Here, JPG asserts that Louisiana had notice of the application and plenty of time to
comment, as evidenced by Duerr’s testimony that LDEQ received in the mail “a CD
containing three QUAL2K files comprising a calibration file, a critical projection without the
pipeline discharge and a critical condition projection with the pipeline discharge” sometime
in July of 2006, as well as a fax from GBMc on July 13, 2006. JPG also points to Duerr’s
testimony wherein he stated that his objections to GBMc’s models were “just simply things
that [he thought] had been left out,” but he had no way of knowing whether he would have
reached the same results if he had done his own modeling. In essence, JPG contends that
Louisiana had more than sufficient information and notice; it simply chose not to develop
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anything substantive itself, instead only complaining that it needed more time. Because
Louisiana did not demonstrate what it would have accomplished with that extra time, JPG
asserts that the AHO correctly determined that it had “no reason to believe that Louisiana
would have submitted any meaningful comments on the Revised Final Report had it been
given additional time in which to review it.”
Given the deference that this court must show to decisions of the Commission, we
cannot say that JPG is incorrect. The AHO found—and the Commission agreed—that
Louisiana had ample opportunity prior to the issuance of the permit to make its opinions
known; further, based on the evidence presented, Louisiana had the information and the
opportunity to present its own modeling to contradict that conducted by GBMc, but, for
whatever reason, it did not conduct any modeling. Moreover, the allegedly faulty HEC
model that Louisiana complains arrived too late was not the only modeling supporting the
issuance of the permit, and it became irrelevant after further modeling demonstrated no
significantly different results. Having failed to take advantage of the opportunity that was
presented to it, Louisiana should not be heard to complain now that it was not given a
“meaningful opportunity” to be heard.
In addition, the evidence supported the AHO’s conclusion that ADEQ complied with
33 U.S.C. § 1342(b)(5), which, as noted above, provides that an affected state “may submit
written recommendations to the permitting State (and the Administrator) with respect to any
permit application” and is entitled to notice in writing if the permitting state does not accept
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the affected state’s recommendations. Louisiana’s complaint was that it could not “perform
an adequate review [of the Revised Final Report] in such a short time period” and was thus
“unable at this time to withdraw our objection.” The United States Supreme Court
commented in International Paper Co. v. Ouellette, 479 U.S. 481 (1987), that section 1342(b)
requires that, prior to issuing a state permit, a source State, such as Arkansas here, “must send
notification, and must consider the objections and recommendations submitted by other States
before taking action.” Id. at 490 (emphasis added). Because Louisiana’s “objections” in
February of 2007 were nothing more than a request for additional time to review the data,
it was not the sort of recommendation contemplated by section 1342(b)(5). Accordingly, the
Commission correctly determined that Louisiana had not been deprived of its rights to notice
and an opportunity for a hearing.
C. Louisiana’s Water Quality Standards
In its third and final point on appeal, Louisiana argues that ADEQ failed to meet the
obligations imposed by 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(2), which prohibits the issuance of an NPDES
permit if the issuing state cannot ensure that the discharge will not affect the quality of any
other state. Because the modeling on which JPG and ADEQ relied did not model water
quality conditions beyond Felsenthal all the way to the Louisiana border, Louisiana contends
that ADEQ failed in its responsibilities under section 1341, 40 C.F.R. § 122.4(d), and 40
C.F.R. § 122.44(d) to ensure compliance with the applicable water-quality standards of
affected states.
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Louisiana maintains that ADEQ failed to meet its obligation to ensure that its waterquality requirements would not be impaired, noting that GBMc’s modeling did not extend
more than a mile below the Felsenthal Dam and did not take into account the discharge from
the Georgia-Pacific plant at Crossett that flowed into the Ouachita downstream from JPG’s
proposed pipeline. Louisiana further notes the testimony of Dr. Eldon Blanchard, who spoke
of the necessity of modeling all the way to the state line in order to determine the impact of
the pipeline’s discharge. Urging that the burden is on ADEQ and JPG to show that the water
quality in Louisiana will not be impacted by the discharge, Louisiana maintains that ADEQ
failed to meet its burden because the evidence showed elevated levels of nutrients and
phosphorus from the pipeline will enter Louisiana’s waters.
As mentioned above, Louisiana premises its arguments on 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(2), 40
C.F.R. § 122.4(d), and 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d). As an initial matter, Louisiana appears to have
misinterpreted 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a)(2). Section 1341(a)(1) provides, in part, as follows:
Any applicant for a Federal license or permit to conduct any activity
including, but not limited to, the construction or operation of facilities, which
may result in any discharge into the navigable waters, shall provide the
licensing or permitting agency a certification from the State in which the
discharge originates or will originate, or, if appropriate, from the interstate
water pollution control agency having jurisdiction over the navigable waters
at the point where the discharge originates or will originate, that any such
discharge will comply with the applicable provisions of sections 1311, 1312,
1313, 1316, and 1317 of this title.
(Emphasis added.) Section 1341(a)(2) goes on to state the following:
Whenever such a discharge may affect, as determined by the Administrator, the
quality of the waters of any other State, the Administrator within thirty days
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of the date of notice of application for such Federal license or permit shall so notify
such other State, the licensing or permitting agency, and the applicant. If,
within sixty days after receipt of such notification, such other State determines
that such discharge will affect the quality of its waters so as to violate any water
quality requirements in such State, and within such sixty-day period notifies
the Administrator and the licensing or permitting agency in writing of its
objection to the issuance of such license or permit and requests a public
hearing on such objection, the licensing or permitting agency shall hold such
a hearing. The Administrator shall at such hearing submit his evaluation and
recommendations with respect to any such objection to the licensing or
permitting agency. Such agency, based upon the recommendations of such
State, the Administrator, and upon any additional evidence, if any, presented to
the agency at the hearing, shall condition such license or permit in such manner as
may be necessary to insure compliance with applicable water quality requirements. If the
imposition of conditions cannot insure such compliance such agency shall not
issue such license or permit.
(Emphasis added.)
The United States Supreme Court has interpreted the language of 33 U.S.C. §
1341(a)(2) as “prohibit[ing] the issuance of any federal license or permit over the objection of an
affected State unless compliance with the affected State’s water quality requirements can be
ensured.” Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91, 103 (1992) (emphasis added). Thus, section
1341(a)(2) appears to apply to applications for federal NPDES permits submitted to EPA, as
opposed to state NPDES permits authorized under 33 U.S.C. § 1342(b). See also id. at 104
(noting the distinction between “federal permits issued pursuant to §§ [1341(a) and 1342(a)],
[and] state permits issued under § [1342(b)]”). Accordingly, Louisiana’s reliance on section
1341(a) is misplaced, as this case involves an application for a state permit undertaken pursuant
to the authority granted to the State of Arkansas by section 1342(b).
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Louisiana further argues, however, that the Commission’s decision violated 40 C.F.R.
§ 122.4(d) and 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d).8 Section 122.4(d) states that no State NPDES permit
may be issued “[w]hen the imposition of conditions cannot ensure compliance with the
applicable water quality requirements of all affected States.”9 Again, it raises its concerns with
the fact that JPG’s modeling stopped short of the Louisiana border and did not examine the
impact of the pipeline discharge, including nutrients and dissolved oxygen, combined with
the existing discharge from the downstream Georgia-Pacific mill.
The United States Supreme Court has noted that, even though a state affected by
another state’s permitting decision may be impacted by discharges originating in the
permitting state, an affected state “only has an advisory role in regulating pollution that
originates beyond its borders” and “does not have the authority to block the issuance of the
permit if it is dissatisfied with the proposed standards.” Int’l Paper Co. v. Ouellette, 479 U.S.
at 490.
The AHO made specific findings of fact regarding Louisiana’s arguments that the
permit would not protect its water quality. First, the AHO noted that the Multi-SMP
Model demonstrated that the dissolved oxygen levels would return to normal background
8
Although Louisiana cites 40 C.F.R. § 122.44(d), it does not set out the text of the
regulation or make any significant argument regarding it. Accordingly, we do not discuss it
here.
9
The restriction set out in 40 C.F.R. § 122.4(d) applies whether the permit is issued
by the EPA or by an approved state NPDES program. See Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S.
at 105, n.10.
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conditions prior to reaching Louisiana. Thus, the AHO concluded that the results of the
Multi-SMP model made it unnecessary to model the pipeline discharge all the way to
Louisiana. Second, the AHO found that the QUAL2K model, which looked at the impact
of nutrients in the Ouachita River, stopped just past the Felsenthal Dam at LDEQ’s request.
Pointing out that Louisiana “does not even put nutrient limits in the permits it issues for
discharges into the Ouachita River in Louisiana,” the AHO concluded that there was no
evidence that increased nutrients from the joint pipeline discharge would cause a violation
of any water quality standard applicable to the Ouachita River in Louisiana. The
Commission adopted and affirmed these findings.
There was substantial evidence supporting the AHO and the Commission’s decision
in this respect. Richard Duerr of LDEQ testified that “Louisiana has not been limiting
nutrients at this point.” A TMDL10 Report prepared by LDEQ, titled “Ouachita River
TMDL for Biochemical Oxygen-Demanding Substances and Nutrients” stated that, while
the Ouachita is on a court-ordered list of rivers impaired due to nutrients, LDEQ’s position
was that “when oxygen-demanding substances are controlled and limited in order to ensure
that the dissolved oxygen criterion is supported, nutrients are also controlled and limited.”
Thus, the TMDL only established load limitations for oxygen-demanding substances and set
goals for reducing those substances. In addition, because the models run by LDEQ did not
10
TMDL stands for “Total Maximum Daily Load.” The concept of a TMDL is
discussed in more depth in LEAN’s first point on appeal, set out below.
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indicate that the dissolved oxygen was significantly impacted by increased nutrient discharges,
the report “[did] not suggest that a TMDL for nutrients is needed.”
Other testimony supported the AHO and Commission decisions. For example,
Michael Corn opined that the joint pipeline would not have adverse impacts below
Felsenthal because the nutrients that would be responsible for algal growth would be
“primarily uptaken in the first twenty miles downstream from the discharge,” and that the
amounts of inorganic phosphorous, a nutrient, decreased “to close to background levels well
below Felsenthal Dam or before the Felsenthal Reservoir.”
As noted above, expert testimony qualifies as substantial evidence unless it is shown
that the expert opinion is without a reasonable basis. Ark. St. Plant Bd. v. Bullock, 345 Ark.
373, 48 S.W.3d 516. Here, the AHO’s conclusion, as affirmed by the Commission, that there
was no evidence that increased nutrients from the pipeline discharge would cause a violation
of Louisiana’s water-quality standards was, supported by expert testimony and thus, was
supported by substantial evidence.
III. Arguments of Appellant LEAN
LEAN raises two primary arguments on appeal, asserting that the Commission failed
to apply the law when it found that the mercury discharge authorized by the permit is legal,
and that there is no substantial evidence in the record to show that the joint pipeline
discharges ensure compliance with Louisiana’s nutrient standards.
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A. Mercury Standards
In its first argument on appeal, LEAN contends that the Commission erred in
concluding that the mercury discharge authorized by the permit is legal. None of the parties
dispute that the Ouachita River is “impaired” due to levels of mercury found in some fish
in the river.11 According to the executive summary accompanying a 2002 TMDL report on
mercury levels in the Ouachita Basin, Arkansas, Louisiana, and EPA took a river-basin-wide
approach to address the level of mercury in the river and developed a Total Maximum Daily
Load (TMDL). The TMDL sets the maximum amount of mercury that pollution sources
can discharge into the river each year. LEAN argues that the amounts of mercury allowed
to be discharged under the permits is in excess of the TMDL, and therefore, the permits
issued in this case are in violation of 40 C.F.R. § 122.4(i).
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA) mandates that states establish a TMDL
for each pollutant that causes a body of water to fail to meet water quality standards. 33
U.S.C. § 1313(d)(1)(C). A TMDL is the sum of pollutants that a body of water can absorb
from all point and nonpoint sources and still meet water quality standards for its designated
11
The Arkansas Game & Fish Commission “Regulation for Flowing Waters” advises
that people should not eat certain kinds of fish, such as catfish, gar, bowfin, drum, pickerel
or largemouth bass, caught in the Ouachita River due to mercury contamination. A separate
Game & Fish Commission publication notes that this is due to the fact that these fish tend
to feed on other fish, which themselves are contaminated with mercury. Fish such as bream
and crappie are preferable to bass “since these panfish eat lots of other things besides fish.”
This “bioaccumulation” is why people are advised not to eat the larger fish from rivers with
mercury advisories.
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uses.12 See 40 C.F.R. § 130.2(i); In re: Cities of Annandale and Maple Lake NPDES/SDS
Permit Issuance for the Discharge of Treated Wastewater, 731 N.W.2d 502, 510–11 (Minn. 2007).
If a TMDL has been established for a body of water identified as impaired under section
303(d), an NPDES permit may not be issued unless the permitting authority finds that the
new source or discharge will not cause or contribute to the violation of water quality
standards and will not violate the TMDL. See 40 C.F.R. § 122.4(i); In re: Cities of Annandale
and Maple Lake, 731 N.W.2d at 511.
12
The term “point source” means “any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance,
including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure,
container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating
craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged.” 33 U.S.C. § 1362(14).
Unlike point source discharges, nonpoint source discharges are not defined by the
Act. One court has described nonpoint source pollution as “nothing more that a [water]
pollution problem not involving a discharge from a point source.” Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v.
Gorsuch, 693 F.2d 156, 166 n.28 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Moreover, nonpoint sources, unlike point sources, are not subject to the NPDES system. See
Cordiano v. Metacon Gun Club, Inc. 575 F.3d 199, 220 (2d Cir. 2009). EPA’s guidance on
nonpoint source pollution notes that nonpoint source pollution
is caused by diffuse sources that are not regulated as point sources and normally
is associated with agricultural, silvicultural and urban runoff, runoff from
construction activities, etc. . . . In practical terms, nonpoint source pollution
does not result from a discharge at a specific, single location (such as a single
pipe) but generally results from land runoff, precipitation, atmospheric
deposition, or percolation.
EPA Office of Water, Nonpoint Source Guidance 3 (1987).
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Specifically, section 122.4(i) provides, in relevant part, that no State NPDES permit
may be issued
[t]o a new source or new discharger, if the discharge from its
construction or operation will cause or contribute to the violation of water
quality standards. The owner or operator of a new source or new discharger
proposing to discharge into a water segment which does not meet applicable
water quality standards or is not expected to meet those standards even after
the application of the effluent limitations required by sections 301(b)(1)(A) and
301(b)(1)(B) of CWA, and for which the State or interstate agency has
performed a pollutants load allocation for the pollutant to be discharged, must
demonstrate, before the close of the public comment period, that:
(1) There are sufficient remaining pollutant load allocations to allow for
the discharge; and
(2) The existing dischargers into that segment are subject to compliance
schedules designed to bring the segment into compliance with applicable water
quality standards.
On appeal, LEAN argues that, because the Ouachita River is in violation of water
quality standards for mercury, and the EPA developed a TMDL for mercury in the river, 40
C.F.R. § 122.4(i) prohibits ADEQ from issuing a new permit to discharge mercury into the
Ouachita River. LEAN contends that it is “undisputed” that ADEQ did not consider the
mercury TMDL when setting the mercury limits in the permit and asserts that, because
ADEQ did not take the mercury allocations in the mercury TMDL into account prior to the
close of the comment period, the issuance of the permit was contrary to law. Further, LEAN
argues that ADEQ did not require the JPG to demonstrate that existing discharges into the
Ouachita River are subject to compliance schedules, as required by 40 C.F.R. § 122.4(i)(2),
and that ADEQ failed to address whether there are sufficient remaining mercury load
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allocations in the mercury TMDL to allow for the joint pipeline discharge. Thus, LEAN
maintains that the Commission’s decision is illegal because it was affected by errors of law and
was not supported by substantial evidence.
At the hearing before ADEQ, Kent Thornton testified that his company, FTN
Associates, was called upon by the EPA to do a study of the Ouachita River to prepare a
TMDL on mercury. Thornton stated that Arkansas’s water quality standards for mercury
were set at 12 nanograms per liter, or twelve parts per trillion.13 He further noted that the
purpose of the TMDL was to look at the reductions in mercury required in order to attain
or to be below the “fish consumption action level,” and that the TMDL for the Ouachita
accomplished that. Thornton also pointed out that his analysis of NPDES point sources in
the Ouachita watershed indicated that the cumulative loading of mercury from those pointsource facilities was less than one percent of the total estimated mercury load. Thornton said
that even if the TMDL were to provide a waste load allocation for mercury of zero, the
applicable water quality standards for mercury would not be attained in the river because of
the very high mercury loadings from nonpoint and background sources.
Thornton further testified that there had been no known “exceedances” of the
mercury water quality standard based on testing with detections of 12 nanograms per liter,
a comment reflected in the Executive Summary preceding the TMDL, which stated that
both Arkansas and Louisiana have numeric mercury water quality standards of 12 nanograms
13
See ADEQ Regulation 2.508.
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per liter, and there “have been no known violations of the numeric water quality standards.”
The numeric standard of 12 nanograms per liter was developed by EPA to protect against the
bioaccumulation of mercury in fish and to protect humans from consuming aquatic life
contaminated by mercury.
Describing the TMDL for the Ouachita, Thornton testified that the load allocation
for NPDES point sources was 356 grams of mercury per year, and the load allocation for city
municipal wastewater treatment facilities was 586 grams per year. Thus, as the AHO found,
the mercury TMDL allocates to all point sources in the Ouachita River 942 grams per year.
Thornton further noted that the TMDL was not intended to set criteria, because the
water criteria were already established, but was intended to “look at the load reductions
required in order to achieve reduction in the mercury action level for fish tissue mercury
concentration.” He pointed out that the largest source of mercury in the river was
atmospheric, and the relative contribution of the NPDES sources in comparison to the other
sources of mercury was less than one percent of the total load.14 Further, he opined that if
ADEQ issued a permit that imposed the water quality criteria as the basis for deriving a
permit limit, that would be consistent with the TMDL.
14
In a similar vein, Joe Nix, a former professor of chemistry at Ouachita University,
testified that there was “already mercury [in the Ouachita River] no matter what the input
is, [from] a natural source.” Nix noted that the average mercury concentration in over 600
rock samples from the Ouachita Mountain area was almost exactly the same as the mercury
concentration in sediment taken from the Felsenthal.
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Martin Maner, ADEQ’s Water Division chief, testified that he was concerned that the
permit sought by the JPG should have some mercury limits due to the fact that the Ouachita
was impaired for mercury; therefore, he suggested that the permit include a limit of 12
nanograms per liter because he felt “that would be appropriate since that was the number that
EPA said should be applicable in the water column.”15
In addition, testimony was presented that demonstrated that none of the entities
seeking to construct the pipeline would actually discharge any mercury; rather, the mercury
that would be present in their effluent would come from the Ouachita River itself. Roland
McDaniel, a scientist at GBMc, testified that the permit applicants used Ouachita River water
as make up water, and if they used the pipeline, that water would go right back into the
river. When asked what would happen if the applicants were required to comply with a
zero-mercury standard, McDaniel stated that they would “automatically be in violation of
the permit because they would be picking it up from the river water to the process and going
right back out.” Further, McDaniel said that he was “not aware of any mercury sources in
any of the processes that any of these facilities use, other than the Ouachita River potential.”
Similarly, Martin Maner testified that “as far as we know, the analysis that’s been done,
there’s no mercury in any of the discharges . . . according to the level of detection.”
15
We note that EPA withdrew its objections to the issuance of the NPDES permit,
concluding that the permit conformed to the guidelines and requirements established by the
Clean Water Act and NPDES regulations.
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On appeal, LEAN argues primarily that the permit should not have issued because
ADEQ did not comply with 40 C.F.R. §122.4(i) by failing to ensure that the pipeline’s
discharge of mercury would not violate the TMDL established for the Ouachita. As noted
above, under section 122.4(i), a permit may not be issued to a new discharger if the discharge
“will cause or contribute to the violation of water quality standards.” (Emphasis added.) Here,
however, there was no proof presented below that the new discharge that was the subject
of the permit would “cause or contribute” to any violation of the water quality standards. In
fact, the evidence and testimony indicated that any mercury that was discharged into the
Ouachita River would originally be sourced from the river itself and would not originate
from the industrial processes used by the JPG.
To the extent that LEAN argues that there should have been a zero-mercury limit in
the permits, the United States Supreme Court has rejected a construction of the CWA that
would prohibit any discharge of effluent that would reach waters already in violation of
existing water quality standards. See Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. at 107. The Court noted
that the statute “does, however, contain provisions designed to remedy existing water quality
violations and to allocate the burden of reducing undesirable discharges between existing
sources and new sources.” Id. at 108 (citing 33 U.S.C. § 1313(d)).Thus, the Court
continued,
rather than establishing [a] categorical ban [on new discharges of
effluent]—which might frustrate the construction of new plants that would
improve existing conditions—the Clean Water Act vests in the EPA and the
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States broad authority to develop long-range, area-wide programs to alleviate
and eliminate existing pollution. See, e.g., [33 U.S.C.] § 1288(b)(2).
Id. We conclude that the decision of the AHO, as adopted and affirmed by the Commission,
properly interpreted and applied 40 C.F.R. § 122.4(i).16
B. Louisiana’s Water Quality Standards
In its second point on appeal, LEAN asserts that there is no substantial evidence in the
record to show that the joint pipeline discharge will ensure compliance with Louisiana’s
nutrient standards. LEAN’s arguments in this portion of its brief are largely the same as the
arguments raised in Louisiana’s third point on appeal, discussed above, in that LEAN
complains that JPG’s modeling stopped short of the Louisiana border, and thus, the JPG
applicants failed to demonstrate that their discharge would “not lead to a detectable change
in water quality” in the affected state. We reject LEAN’s arguments on this issue for the same
reasons set out above.
LEAN also complains that the Commission focused only on Louisiana’s dissolved
oxygen standards, and not on Louisiana’s nutrient standard. As discussed above, substantial
16
Although LEAN also argues that the ADEQ did not require the JPG to demonstrate
that existing dischargers into the Ouachita were subject to compliance schedules pursuant to
section 122.4(i)(2), it does not appear that the AHO or the Commission ever made a ruling
on that question. Accordingly, this particular issue is not preserved for appellate review. See
Seiz Co. v. Ark. State Highway & Transp. Dep’t, 2009 Ark. 361, ___ S.W.3d ___ (where the
court has no ruling on an issue from either the administrative agency or the circuit court,
arguments pertaining to that issue are not preserved for our review); Ark. Wildlife Fed’n v.
Ark. Soil & Water Conservation Comm’n, 366 Ark. 50, 233 S.W.3d 615 (2006) (holding that
to preserve arguments for appeal, the appellant must obtain a ruling below).
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evidence supported the Commission’s finding that increased nutriens from the joint pipeline
would not cause a violation of any water quality standard applicable to the Ouachita River.
For the reasons discussed in that portion of the opinion, we also dismiss LEAN’s arguments
on this point.
IV. Arguments of Appellant STO
Appellants Save the Ouachita and Kent Stegall (collectively, “STO”) raise ten points
in their brief on appeal.
A. “Anti-Backsliding” Provisions
In its first point on appeal, STO argues that ADEQ and the Commission erred in
finding that the permit issued to the JPG did not violate the “anti-backsliding” provisions of
33 U.S.C. § 1342(o).17 In essence, STO contends that the effect of the pipeline will be to
allow more pollutants to be discharged into the Ouachita River than are presently allowed.
This argument is not properly before the court, however. Arkansas Code Annotated section
8-4-205(b)(2) (Repl. 2007) provides that “[n]o interested party requesting a hearing . . . may
raise any issue in the hearing that was not raised in the public comments unless the party
17
Section 1342(o) states, in relevant part, as follows:
In the case of effluent limitations established on the basis of subsection
(a)(1)(B) of this section, a permit may not be renewed, reissued, or modified
on the basis of effluent guidelines promulgated under section 1314(b) of this
title subsequent to the original issuance of such permit, to contain effluent
limitations which are less stringent than the comparable effluent limitations in
the previous permit.
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raising the issue shows good cause why such issue could not, with reasonable diligence, have
been discovered and presented during the public comment period.”
In Order No. 3, entered on June 14, 2007, the AHO noted that the JPG had moved
to dismiss numerous issues raised by LEAN and STO because they had not been raised in the
public comments. Among these issues was the question of “anti-backsliding.” The AHO
stated that he had reviewed the comments and determined that there were no specific
references to the term “anti-backsliding” and no language describing that objection as a
reason to deny the permit. Therefore, the AHO determined that the anti-backsliding issue
was not a proper issue for appeal. Because this issue was dismissed from the proceeding
below, there is no ruling for this court to review. See Ark. Contractors Licensing Bd. v. Pegasus
Renovation Co., 347 Ark. 320, 64 S.W.3d 241 (2001).
B. Regulation 2.504
In its second argument on appeal, STO contends that the permit does not meet the
standard set forth in PC&E’s Regulation 2.504 for pH. Regulation 2.504 states that, “[a]s
a result of waste discharges, the pH of water in streams or lakes must not fluctuate in excess
of 1.0 unit over a period of 24 hours and pH values shall not be below 6.0 or above 9.0.”
STO maintains that the permit, as issued, does not prohibit fluctuations exceeding 1.0 units
in a twenty-four hour period. It cites the testimony of Dr. Joe Nix, who stated that pH levels
in the water could have an effect on nutrients and the methylation of mercury. STO
concedes that the permit establishes that the pH level must remain between 6.0 and 9.0, but
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it nonetheless asserts that “no explanation for the range of pH being set as it was is given and
no science supports the proposition that setting it at this range will be protective of water
quality in the Ouachita River.”
STO provides this court with no citation to convincing authority, nor does it point
to any evidence or testimony that the pipeline discharge would cause the pH in the Ouachita
to fluctuate more than one unit over a twenty-four hour period. In addition, however,
STO’s own witness, Dr. Nix, testified further that, so long as the pH stayed in the 6.0-to-9.0
range, “you’re probably okay as far as making methylmercury.”18 The permit requires pH
levels to stay in the 6.0-to-9.0 range, and that range is identical to the requirements of
Regulation 2.508. Therefore, we conclude that there is no merit to STO’s second point on
appeal.
C. Regulations 2.201, 2.304, 2.402, 2.405 and 2.509
In its third point on appeal, STO urges that the permit violates several Commission
Regulations in various ways. In particular, STO contends that the discharges allowed
pursuant to the permit will add nutrients and mercury to the river, exacerbating existing
problems in the water; will degrade the existing use of the water; will produce undesirable
aquatic life and result in the dominance of nuisance species; will exceed water quality
standards; and will degrade the aquatic habitat.
18
According to Nix, methylmercury is a neurotoxin “on the order of magnitude of
a thousand times more toxic than just plain mercury.” The pH level in a body of water “has
a play” in methylation, or the process of converting mercury to methylmercury.
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Again, however, none of STO’s claims of error are supported by any citations to
convincing authority. This court has consistently held that we do not consider assertions of
error that are unsupported by convincing legal authority or argument, unless it is apparent
without further research that the argument is well taken. See Hanks v. Sneed, 366 Ark. 371,
235 S.W.3d 883 (2006); Rainey v. Hartness, 339 Ark. 293, 5 S.W.3d 410 (1999). In addition,
while STO points to testimony that it claims support its contentions, it fails to cite to any
specific portion the abstract where the testimony is purported to have been given. Arkansas
Supreme Court Rule 4-2(7) requires that “[r]eference in the argument portion of the parties’
briefs to material found in the abstract and addendum shall be followed by a reference to the
page number of the abstract or addendum at which such material may be found.” (Emphasis
added.) The abstract of this case is 1602 pages long. This court will not pore through every
page in order to ferret out the portions of testimony on which a party relies. Accordingly,
we decline to address STO’s argument on this issue.
D. Regulation 2.407
STO next contends that the Commission erred in finding that the permit meets the
standards set out in Regulation 2.407, which declares that taste- and odor-producing
substances must be limited to concentrations that will not interfere with the production of
potable water, impart an unpalatable flavor to food, or result in offensive odors coming from
the water. STO failed to raise this issue in its post-hearing brief, however, and the AHO and
Commission never ruled on it. It is the appellant’s obligation to raise an issue first to the
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administrative agency and obtain a ruling thereupon in order to preserve an argument for
appeal. Hanks v. Sneed, 366 Ark. at 382, 235 S.W.3d at 890 (where there is no ruling or
order for this court to review, we will not address the argument raised on appeal); Ark.
Contractors Licensing Bd. v. Pegasus Renovation Co., supra.
E. Regulation 2.508
STO’s fifth point on appeal argues that the permit violates Commission Regulation
2.508, which, as noted above, provides in part that “[t]oxic substances shall not be present
in receiving waters, after mixing, in such quantities as to be toxic to human, animal, plant,
or aquatic life or to interfere with the normal propagation, growth and survival of the
indigenous aquatic biota.” STO points out that the permit will allow the discharge of
numerous chemicals such as cyanide, chromium, zinc, nickel, selenium, cadmium, and
mercury, and asserts that “insufficient study was conducted by ADEQ to affirmatively
determine if the amounts [of those substances] will meet the mandate of” Regulation 2.508.
We disagree with STO’s contentions. The Commission’s decision reflects that “the
toxicity evaluation demonstrated that the pipeline effluent, as simulated during the testing,
would not cause a violation of the toxicity water quality standards” and concluded that the
pipeline permit did not violate Regulation 2.508. This decision was supported by testimony
in the record. For example, Roland McDaniel testified as to the toxicity testing, stating that
when the test organisms—flathead minnows and water fleas—were exposed to one hundred
percent effluent, there was no lethality, and the organisms’ growth and reproduction were
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unaffected. McDaniel further testified that effluent from the pipeline would not exacerbate
the problem with fish kills in the backwater areas of the Felsenthal, because the flow from
the pipeline does not “get back into those areas where the fish kills are occurring.” In sum,
McDaniel opined that the discharge from the joint pipeline would not result in toxicity in
the Ouachita River or in the Felsenthal Reservoir. Under our standard of review, this expert
testimony constituted substantial evidence to support the AHO and Commission’s decision.
See Ark. State Plant Bd. v. Bullock, supra.
Although STO argues that ADEQ did not conduct any independent testing of the
toxicity levels, it cites no authority that indicates that ADEQ was required to do so. In the
absence of any convincing authority, this court will not, as STO suggests, remand the permits
to the Commission “with directions that they conduct proper studies to ensure any permit
issued not allow the discharge of toxic materials into the Ouachita River.” We conclude that
the Commission’s decision in this regard was supported by substantial evidence.
F. Regulation 2.304
STO’s sixth argument on appeal contends that the Commission erred in finding that
the permits meet the standards set out in Commission Regulation 2.304 prohibiting
significant physical alteration of the habitat within ecologically sensitive waterbodies. Its
seventh point urges that the Commission erred in finding that the permit satisfies the same
Regulation’s requirement that, where significant alterations of habitat are proposed, ADEQ
may require an evaluation that assesses practical alternatives to the project, including an
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engineering and economic analysis. STO failed to raise these arguments below before the
AHO and Commission; further, its post-hearing brief is devoid of any reference to these
regulations. Because STO failed to raise the argument below and thus failed to obtain a
ruling on them, these arguments are not preserved for this court’s review. See Hanks v.
Sneed, supra.
G. Mercury
In its eighth point on appeal, STO contends that the Commission erred in finding that
the permits comply with the Clean Water Act’s provisions concerning mercury levels. This
argument, however, is little more than a condensed version of the same arguments
concerning mercury raised by LEAN and addressed at length herein under section II.A.
Because we have already considered and rejected this argument, we need not discuss it
further here.
H. “Fishable” and “Swimmable” Standards under the Clean Water Act.
In this point, STO argues that the permit violates 33 U.S.C. § 1251(a)(2), which
provides that it is the goal of the CWA that, “wherever attainable, an interim goal of water
quality which provides for the protection and propagation of fish, shellfish and wildlife and
provides for recreation in and on the water be achieved by July 1, 1983.” STO maintains
that the “evidence . . . was undisputed” that the discharge issued under the permit would
render the Ouachita River unfishable and unswimmable in violation of this statute. In
support of its claim, STO cites generally to the testimony of several individuals who said that
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they would not swim or fish in the river if the discharge were permitted. Once again,
however, STO provides no specific citation to the abstract of the testimony, nor does it cite
any convincing authority to the effect that testimony from non-expert witnesses that they
would not swim or fish in the river constitutes substantial evidence that the permit would
violate the Clean Water Act. Arguments unsupported by authority will not be considered
by this court. See Hanks v. Sneed, supra.
I. Public Comment
STO’s final argument is that the Commission erred by modifying the permit without
subjecting the modifications to public comment. STO takes particular issue with the fact that
the Commission “modified the time frame in which construction could begin to allow for
an extension of time pending financing of the project.” It urges that it was error for the
Commission to make “this and other modifications without first submitting the matter for
public comment and input as required by Regulation 2.202.”
Once again, however, STO cites nothing in support of its argument. In addition,
STO failed to raise these issues in its post-hearing brief, and there is accordingly no ruling
on them. As such, we do not address this argument on appeal. See Hanks v. Sneed, supra.
V. Conclusion
Our statutory standard of review provides that the action of the Pollution Control and
Ecology Commission “shall be prima facie reasonable and valid, and it shall be presumed that
all requirements of the law pertaining to the taking thereof have been complied with,” and
“[a]ll findings of fact made by the Commission shall be prima facie evidence of the matters
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stated therein.” Ark. Code Ann. § 8-4-229(a)–(b). The burden of proving to the contrary
rests with the party challenging the Commission’s decision. Ark. Code Ann. § 8-4-229(c).
It was thus the appellants’ burden to rebut the presumption that the Commission’s decision
was reasonable and valid and complied with the requirements of the law. See Tri-County
Solid Waste Dist. v. Ark. Pollution Control & Ecology Comm’n, 365 Ark. 368, 230 S.W.3d 545.
We conclude that the appellants simply did not meet their burden in this appeal.
Further, to the extent that there may be ongoing concerns about the impacts of the
JPG’s discharge of effluent into the Ouachita River, we note that the permit issued by
ADEQ contains a “reopener” clause, which provides that
this permit may be reopened for modification or revocation and/or reissuance
to require additional monitoring and/or effluent limitations when new
information is received that actual or potential exceedance of State water
quality criteria and/or narrative criteria are determined to be the result of the
permittee’s discharge(s) to water body, or a Total Maximum Daily Load
(TMDL) is established or revised for the water body that were not available at
the time of permit issuance that would have justified the application of
different permit conditions at the time of permit issuance.
The decision of the Commission is affirmed.
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