Ronald Jay McFadden v. State of Alabama

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REL: 06/25/2010 Notice: T h i s o p i n i o n i s s u b j e c t t o formal r e v i s i o n b e f o r e p u b l i c a t i o n i n t h e advance s h e e t s o f Southern R e p o r t e r . R e a d e r s a r e r e q u e s t e d t o n o t i f y t h e R e p o r t e r o f D e c i s i o n s , Alabama A p p e l l a t e C o u r t s , 300 D e x t e r A v e n u e , M o n t g o m e r y , A l a b a m a 3 6 1 0 4 - 3 7 4 1 ((334) 2 2 9 - 0 6 4 9 ) , o f a n y t y p o g r a p h i c a l o r o t h e r e r r o r s , i n o r d e r t h a t c o r r e c t i o n s may b e made b e f o r e t h e o p i n i o n i s p r i n t e d i n Southern R e p o r t e r . ALABAMA COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OCTOBER TERM, 2009-2010 CR-07-1923 R o n a l d J a y McFadden v. S t a t e o f Alabama Appeal MAIN, Court Judge. Ronald possession of from B a l d w i n C i r c u i t (CC-05-1848) a person 12-192(b), J a y McFadden was convicted of one o f obscene matter c o n t a i n i n g a v i s u a l u n d e r t h e age o f 1 7 y e a r s , A l a . Code 1 975, of reproduction a violation a n d one c o u n t count of § 13A- of production of CR-07-1923 obscene under matter 17 1975. years This 1 containing In age, appeal July residence of because the ajar Connie King Officer described would (R. to as appear 49-50.) routine was visit on to probation for prior that a lower k i t c h e n cabinet that a p a i r of found i n c l u d i n g toys and supervisor, who his further. Foley He Police depictions "numerous photos be c h i l d r e n ' s u n d e r w e a r was O f f i c e r Robbins also discovered cabinets, the of McFadden's Baldwin with At Code the search to 13A-12-197, A l a . Robbins contacted Robbins person Office noticed He permission a Cory kitchen clothing. a McFadden Probation i n the of § of Officer and cabinet. items during Probation County P r o b a t i o n d o o r was a violation reproduction followed. 2005, convictions, a visual collages also nude surrounded t h a t p o i n t , he gave contacted detained by him Officer Probation children d e p i c t i n g young other children's Department. of in that he c h i l d r e n , what adult genitalia." McFadden and read him The o r a l p r o n o u n c e m e n t a t t h e s e n t e n c i n g h e a r i n g and t h e sentencing order d i f f e r . (C. 8 2 - 8 7 ; R. 281.) However, i t appears t h a t , pursuant to Alabama's H a b i t u a l Felony O f f e n d e r A c t , the t r i a l c o u r t s e n t e n c e d McFadden t o l i f e i m p r i s o n m e n t on the production-of-obscene-matter c h a r g e and 30 years' i m p r i s o n m e n t on t h e p o s s e s s i o n - o f - o b s c e n e - m a t t e r c h a r g e , t h e sentences to run c o n c u r r e n t l y . See § 1 3 A - 5 - 9 e t s e q . , A l a . Code 1975. 1 2 CR-07-1923 his in Miranda rights. 2 McFadden d e n i e d of the items h i s residence. Officer King obtained a search warrant w h e r e he a n d o t h e r o f f i c e r s as knowledge toys, discovered children's v i d e o s , magazines, parenting books, a growth children, and numerous f o r the residence underwear, chart collage items, children's depicting o r montage nude such books and drawings of exhibits. I. McFadden that for argues, t h e e v i d e n c e was possession matter. Crim. evidence was performance, a part seq., 1997), not matter R.K.D. v. McFadden "matter" and p r o d u c t i o n State, argues because 712 the So. i t i s not of the Alabama C h i l d Pornography that ("The ACPA"). i f the evidence Miranda 3 a 436 or montage "live act, 13A-12-190 e t "matter," (1966). obscene 754 ( A l a . Alternatively, i s i n fact v . A r i z o n a , 384 U.S. below, A l a . Code 1 9 7 5 , Act § "obscene." 2 of 2d collage See § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 0 ( 1 2 ) , 1975 court to sustain h i s convictions or event." A l a . Code argues d i d i n the c i r c u i t insufficient of obscene R e l y i n g on App. a s he McFadden i t i s not CR-07-1923 As to the sufficiency of the evidence, "In deciding whether there i s sufficient evidence t o support t h e v e r d i c t o f t h e j u r y and t h e j u d g m e n t o f t h e t r i a l c o u r t , t h e e v i d e n c e must be reviewed i n the light most favorable to the prosecution. Cumbo v . S t a t e , 368 S o . 2 d 871 ( A l a . Cr. A p p . 1 9 7 8 ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , 368 S o . 2 d 877 ( A l a . 1979). Conflicting evidence presents a jury q u e s t i o n n o t s u b j e c t t o r e v i e w on a p p e a l , p r o v i d e d the s t a t e ' s evidence e s t a b l i s h e s a prima f a c i e case. Gunn v . S t a t e , 387 S o . 2 d 280 ( A l a . C r . A p p . ) , c e r t . denied, 387 S o . 2 d 2 8 3 ( A l a . 1 980 ) . The t r i a l court's denial of a motion f o r a judgment o f a c q u i t t a l must be r e v i e w e d b y d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r there e x i s t e d l e g a l evidence before the j u r y , atthe t i m e t h e m o t i o n was made, f r o m w h i c h t h e j u r y b y fair inference could have found the appellant guilty. Thomas v . S t a t e , 3 6 3 S o . 2 d 1 0 2 0 ( A l a . C r . App. 1978). In applying this standard, the appellate court will determine only i f legal e v i d e n c e was p r e s e n t e d f r o m w h i c h t h e j u r y c o u l d have found t h e defendant g u i l t y beyond a r e a s o n a b l e doubt. W i l l i s v . S t a t e , 447 S o . 2 d 199 ( A l a . C r . App. 1983); Thomas v . S t a t e . When t h e e v i d e n c e raises questions of fact f o r the jury and such evidence, i f believed, i s s u f f i c i e n t to sustain a c o n v i c t i o n , t h e d e n i a l o f a motion f o r a judgment o f a c q u i t t a l by t h e t r i a l c o u r t does n o t c o n s t i t u t e error. Y o u n g v . S t a t e , 2 8 3 A l a . 6 7 6 , 220 S o . 2 d 843 (1969); W i l l i s v. S t a t e . " B r e c k e n r i d g e v. S t a t e , 628 S o . 2 d 1 0 1 2 , 1 0 1 8 ( A l a . C r i m . A p p . 1993). "'In determining the s u f f i c i e n c y of the evidence to s u s t a i n t h e c o n v i c t i o n , t h i s C o u r t must a c c e p t as t r u e t h e evidence i n t r o d u c e d by t h e S t a t e , a c c o r d the S t a t e a l l l e g i t i m a t e i n f e r e n c e s t h e r e f r o m , and c o n s i d e r t h e e v i d e n c e i n t h e l i g h t most f a v o r a b l e t o t h e p r o s e c u t i o n . ' F a i r c l o t h v . S t a t e , 471 So. 2 d 4 CR-07-1923 485, 489 ( A l a . C r . App. 1984), a f f i r m e d , F a i r c l o t h , [471] So. 2d 493 (Ala. 1985). Ex parte " ' . . . "'"The r o l e o f a p p e l l a t e c o u r t s i s n o t t o say what the f a c t s a r e . O u r r o l e , ... i s to judge whether the evidence i s l e g a l l y s u f f i c i e n t t o a l l o w s u b m i s s i o n o f an i s s u e for decision to the jury." Ex parte Bankston, 358 So. 2d 1040, 1042 (Ala. 1978). An a p p e l l a t e c o u r t may interfere with the jury's v e r d i c t only where i t reaches "a clear conclusion that the f i n d i n g and j u d g m e n t a r e w r o n g . " K e l l y v. S t a t e , 273 A l a . 240 , 2 4 4 , 139 So. 2d 326 (1962). ... A verdict on conflicting e v i d e n c e i s c o n c l u s i v e on a p p e a l . Roberson v . S t a t e , 162 A l a . 30, 50 So. 345 (1909). " [ W ] h e r e t h e r e i s ample e v i d e n c e o f f e r e d by the s t a t e to support a v e r d i c t , i t should n o t be o v e r t u r n e d e v e n t h o u g h t h e e v i d e n c e offered by the defendant is in sharp conflict therewith and presents a s u b s t a n t i a l d e f e n s e . " F u l l e r v . S t a t e , 269 A l a . 3 1 2 , 3 3 3 , 113 So. 2d 153 ( 1 9 5 9 ) , c e r t . d e n i e d , F u l l e r v . A l a b a m a , 361 U.S. 936, 80 S. Ct. 380, 4 L. Ed. 2d 358 (1960 ) . ' G r a n g e r [ v . S t a t e ] , 473 So. 2d [ 1 1 3 7 , ] 1139 [ ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1985)]." W h i t e v. State, The tracked So. two-count §§ committed Minnifield 2d v. t h a t the governs State, 1014, indictment 13A-12-192(b) is well settled is 546 and in ( A l a . C r i m . App. 2005 charging 13A-12-197, A l a . Code s t a t u t e i n e f f e c t at the the 941 1017 prosecution So. 2d 5 1000, of 1001 that 1989). McFadden 1975. time a offense. (Ala. Crim. It crime See App. CR-07-1923 2005) (noting that "the law in effect at the time of the c o m m i s s i o n o f t h e o f f e n s e c o n t r o l s t h e p r o s e c u t i o n " ) ; see Hardy v. that, S t a t e , 570 unless effect So. 2d otherwise the (Ala. Crim. stated at the offense). In 2005, § under which in McFadden statute time 871 offense was the 1990) statute, committed 13A-12-192(b), was App. Ala. indicted the also (noting law controls in the Code 1975, the and convicted, stated: "Any p e r s o n who knowingly possesses any obscene matter c o n t a i n i n g a v i s u a l r e p r o d u c t i o n of a p e r s o n u n d e r t h e age o f 17 y e a r s e n g a g e d i n a n y a c t o f sado-masochistic abuse, s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e , s e x u a l excitement, masturbation, g e n i t a l n u d i t y , or other s e x u a l c o n d u c t s h a l l be g u i l t y o f a C l a s s C f e l o n y . " 3 (Emphasis added.) In 2005, provided, § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 7 ( a ) , A l a . Code 1975, in pertinent part: "Any p e r s o n who knowingly films, prints, records, p h o t o g r a p h s o r o t h e r w i s e p r o d u c e s any o b s c e n e m a t t e r that contains a visual reproduction of a p e r s o n u n d e r t h e age o f 17 y e a r s e n g a g e d i n a n y a c t of sado-masochistic abuse, s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e , s e x u a l excitement, masturbation, breast nudity, g e n i t a l The l e g i s l a t u r e amended § 13A-12-192(b) e f f e c t i v e June 1, 2 0 0 6 , b y s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e c l a u s e " t h a t c o n t a i n s a v i s u a l d e p i c t i o n " f o r the phrase " c o n t a i n i n g a v i s u a l r e p r o d u c t i o n . " 3 6 CR-07-1923 nudity, or a Class A (Emphasis part, as other sexual felony." added.) conduct shall be guilty of 4 " O b s c e n e " was d e f i n e d i n 2005, i n p e r t i n e n t follows: "b. When u s e d t o d e s c r i b e m a t t e r t h a t c o n t a i n s a v i s u a l r e p r o d u c t i o n o f an a c t o f sado-masochistic abuse, sexual intercourse, sexual excitement, masturbation, genital nudity, or other sexual c o n d u c t , s u c h t e r m means m a t t e r c o n t a i n i n g s u c h a visual reproduction that itself lacks serious l i t e r a r y , a r t i s t i c , p o l i t i c a l or s c i e n t i f i c v a l u e . " § 13A-12-190(13)(b), term "matter," as A l a . Code used in this 1975 (emphasis section added). i n 2005, was 5 The defined as: " [ a ] n y book, magazine, newspaper, or o t h e r p r i n t e d m a t e r i a l , or any p i c t u r e , p h o t o g r a p h , m o t i o n p i c t u r e or e l e c t r i c a l or e l e c t r o n i c r e p r o d u c t i o n , or any other articles or m a t e r i a l s that e i t h e r are or c o n t a i n a p h o t o g r a p h i c or other v i s u a l r e p r o d u c t i o n of a l i v e a c t , performance, or event." T h e l e g i s l a t u r e a m e n d e d § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 7 e f f e c t i v e J u n e 1, 2006, and s u b s t i t u t e d the word " d e p i c t i o n " f o r the word "reproduction." 4 T h e l e g i s l a t u r e amended § 13A-12-190(13) e f f e c t i v e June 1, 2 0 0 6 , i n s u b p a r a g r a p h b. by s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e words " i s a d e p i c t i o n " f o r the phrase "contains a v i s u a l r e p r o d u c t i o n . " 5 7 CR-07-1923 § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 0 ( 1 2 ) , A l a . Code 1 9 7 5 . of the charged o f f e n s e s , in the 1975; relevant § Code § 7 or Because the given sections. Ala. "Genital nudity" pubic term area." "lewd" § App. Perry 1990), quoting City of "'Lewd'" v. § 1975, i s : "[t]he § d e f i n e d by 13A-12-197, Ala. lewd as 2d 2d Ala. 1219, "'[o]bscene, Code of the 1975. s t a t u t e , i t must commonly Cas. So. So. showing A l a b a m a Farm B u r e a u Mut. 4 60 568 defined Code 342 defined State, and time Ala. 13A-12-190(11), ordinary, not 13A-12-190, 339, Hartselle, is See Code i s not i t s "'natural, plain, meaning.'" note t h a t , at the " v i s u a l r e p r o d u c t i o n " was 13A-12-192(b), 1975. genitals Code We 6 1223 understood (Ala. Ins. (Ala. lustful, be Crim. Co. v. 1 984). indecent, The l e g i s l a t u r e amended t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f " m a t t e r " i n § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 0 ( 1 2 ) e f f e c t i v e J u n e 1, 2 0 0 6 . The definition now reads: "Any book, magazine, newspaper, or other printed m a t e r i a l , o r any p i c t u r e , p h o t o g r a p h , m o t i o n p i c t u r e , v i d e o cassette, tape, record, digital video disc (DVD), video c o m p i l a t i o n , or e l e c t r o n i c d e p i c t i o n i n a comparable format, o r an i m a g e , f i l e , download, or other content stored, or r e p r o d u c e d by u s i n g a computer or e l e c t r o n i c d e v i c e or o t h e r d i g i t a l s t o r a g e , o r any o t h e r t h i n g , a r t i c l e s , or m a t e r i a l s t h a t e i t h e r are or c o n t a i n a photographic or other visual d e p i c t i o n of a l i v e a c t , performance, or event." 6 The legislature added the definition of "visual d e p i c t i o n " i n § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 0 ( 1 5 ) e f f e c t i v e J u n e 1, 2 0 0 6 w h e n i t substituted "depiction" for "reproduction." "Visual depiction" i s : "[a] portrayal, representation, i l l u s t r a t i o n , image, l i k e n e s s , or other thing that creates a sensory i m p r e s s i o n , w h e t h e r an o r i g i n a l , d u p l i c a t e , o r r e p r o d u c t i o n . " § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 0 ( 1 5 ) , A l a . Code 1975. 7 8 CR-07-1923 lascivious, lecherous.'" Black's Dictionary Law Perry, 817 568 (5th ed. So. 2d at 342, quoting 1979). "A ' l e w d s h o w i n g o f t h e g e n i t a l s ' d o e s not require any overt a c t by the child depicted. The child depicted is not required to have assumed a sexually i n v i t i n g manner, ...nor i s i t r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e c h i l d e v e n be a w a r e t h a t t h e d e p i c t i o n i s being produced 'Lewdness,' w i t h i n 'the c o n t e x t of the s t a t u t e a p p l i e d to the conduct of children ... is not a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the c h i l d photographed but of the exhibition which the p h o t o g r a p h e r s e t s up f o r an a u d i e n c e t h a t consists of himself or likeminded pedophiles .... The p i c t u r e of a child "engaged in [genital nudity]" ... as d e f i n e d by [new § 13A-12- 1 9 0 ( 1 1 ) ] i s a p i c t u r e of a c h i l d ' s sex organs d i s p l a y e d [ l e w d l y ] - - t h a t i s , so r e p r e s e n t e d by the p h o t o g r a p h e r as t o a r o u s e o r s a t i s f y the s e x u a l c r a v i n g s of a voyeur.'" Poole See v. State, 2004); So. Lanham also 596 v. State, C o l e v. State, Additionally, § "produce" as to reproduce, direct, In examining time of the 2d 721 632, 8 88 So. 640 So. 2d 255 13A-12-200.1(19), "[c]reate, or the 2d 1283 App. (Ala. Crim. (Ala. Crim. Ala. Code write, 1992). App. 1998). 1975, file, App. defines produce, stage." relevant charged offenses m o n t a g e e x h i b i t s , we make, (Ala. Crim. statutes and they in considering a l s o must a p p l y 9 as the read the at collage the or following principles CR-07-1923 of s t a t u t o r y c o n s t r u c t i o n and view t h e c o l l a g e s o r montages i n totality: " ' " [ I ] t i s well established that criminal statutes should n o t be ' e x t e n d e d b y c o n s t r u c t i o n . ' " ' Ex parte Mutrie, 658 S o . 2 d 3 4 7 , 3 4 9 ( A l a . 1993) ( q u o t i n g E x p a r t e E v e r s , 434 S o . 2 d 8 1 3 , 817 ( A l a . 1 9 8 3 ) , q u o t i n g i n t u r n L o c k l e a r v . S t a t e , 50 A l a . App. 6 7 9 , 282 So. 2 d 116 ( 1 9 7 3 ) ) . "'A b a s i c r u l e o f r e v i e w i n c r i m i n a l c a s e s i s t h a t c r i m i n a l s t a t u t e s a r e t o be strictly construed i n favor of those p e r s o n s s o u g h t t o be s u b j e c t e d to their operation, i . e . , defendants. Schenher v. S t a t e , 38 A l a . A p p . 5 7 3 , 90 S o . 2 d 2 3 4 , c e r t . d e n i e d , 2 6 5 A l a . 7 0 0 , 90 S o . 2 d 238 (1956). "'Penal statutes are t o reach no further i n meaning than their words. F u l l e r v . S t a t e , 257 A l a . 5 0 2 , 60 S o . 2 d 202 (1952). "'One who c o m m i t s a n a c t w h i c h d o e s n o t come w i t h i n t h e w o r d s o f a c r i m i n a l statute, according to the general and p o p u l a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h o s e w o r d s , when t h e y a r e n o t u s e d t e c h n i c a l l y , i s n o t t o be punished thereunder, merely because the a c t may c o n t r a v e n e t h e p o l i c y o f t h e s t a t u t e . F u l l e r v. S t a t e , supra, citing [Young v. S t a t e ] , 58 A l a . 358 ( 1 8 7 7 ) . "'No p e r s o n i s t o b e made s u b j e c t t o penal statutes by i m p l i c a t i o n and a l l doubts concerning t h e i r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n are to predominate i n favor of the accused. F u l l e r v. S t a t e , supra.' " C l e m e n t s v . S t a t e , 370 S o . 2 d 7 2 3 , 7 2 5 ( A l a . 1 9 7 9 ) ( q u o t e d i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t i n E x p a r t e M u r r y , 455 10 CR-07-1923 So. 711 2 d 7 2 , 76 ( A l a . 1 9 8 4 ) , a n d i n E x p a r t e W a l l s , S o . 2 d 4 9 0 , 494 ( A l a . 1 9 9 7 ) ) ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d ) . " ' " S t a t u t e s c r e a t i n g c r i m e s a r e t o be s t r i c t l y construed i n favor o f the accused; t h e y may n o t b e h e l d t o a p p l y t o c a s e s n o t covered by t h e words used United S t a t e s v . R e s n i c k , 2 9 9 U.S. 2 0 7 , 2 0 9 , 57 S.Ct. 1 2 6 , 1 2 7 , 81 L . E d . 127 ( 1 9 3 6 ) . S e e a l s o , E x p a r t e E v e r s , 434 S o . 2 d 8 1 3 , 8 1 6 ( A l a . 1 9 8 3 ) ; F u l l e r v . S t a t e , 257 A l a . 5 0 2 , 60 S o . 2 d 2 0 2 , 2 0 5 ( 1 9 5 2 ) . ' "Ex p a r t e J a c k s o n , 614 S o . 2 d 4 0 5 , 4 0 6 ( A l a . 1 9 9 3 ) (emphasis added). '[T]he fundamental r u l e [ i s ] t h a t criminal statutes are construed s t r i c t l y against the S t a t e . See Ex p a r t e J a c k s o n , 614 S o . 2 d 4 0 5 ( A l a . 1993).' E x p a r t e H y d e , 778 S o . 2 d 2 3 7 , 2 3 9 n . 2 (Ala. 2000) ( e m p h a s i s a d d e d ) . The ' r u l e o f l e n i t y r e q u i r e s t h a t " a m b i g u o u s c r i m i n a l s t a t u t e [ s ] ... b e construed i n favor of the accused."' C a s t i l l o v. U n i t e d S t a t e s , 5 3 0 U.S. 1 2 0 , 1 3 1 , 120 S . C t . 2 0 9 0 , 147 L.Ed.2d 94 (2000) (paraphrasing Staples v. U n i t e d S t a t e s , 5 1 1 U.S. 6 0 0 , 6 1 9 n . 1 7 , 114 S . C t . 1 7 9 3 , 128 L . E d . 2 d 608 ( 1 9 9 4 ) ) . " Ex parte Bertram, 884 S o . 2 d 8 8 9 , 8 9 1 - 9 2 (Ala. 2003). " ' M o r e o v e r , "one ' i s n o t t o be s u b j e c t e d t o a p e n a l t y u n l e s s t h e words o f t h e s t a t u t e plainly impose i t ,' Keppel v. Tiffin S a v i n g s B a n k , 197 U.S. 3 5 6 , 3 6 2 , 25 S . C t . 4 4 3 , 49 L . E d . 790 [ ( 1 9 0 5 ) ] . '[W]hen c h o i c e h a s t o b e made b e t w e e n t w o r e a d i n g s o f w h a t c o n d u c t C o n g r e s s h a s made a c r i m e , i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e , b e f o r e we c h o o s e t h e h a r s h e r alternative, to require that Congress s h o u l d have spoken i n language t h a t i s c l e a r and d e f i n i t e . ' United S t a t e s v. U n i v e r s a l C . I . T . C r e d i t C o r p . , 344 U.S. 218, 2 2 1 - 2 2 2 , 73 S . C t . 2 2 7 , 2 2 9 - 2 3 0 , 97 L.Ed. 260 [ ( 1 9 5 2 ) ] . " United S t a t e s v. 11 CR-07-1923 C a m p o s - S e r r a n o , 404 U.S. 2 9 3 , 2 9 7 , 92 4 7 1 , 474, 30 L . E d . 2 d 457 (1971).' "Bridges, 493 F.2d at S.Ct. 923. " ' W o r d s u s e d i n t h e s t a t u t e m u s t be g i v e n t h e i r natural, plain, ordinary, and commonly u n d e r s t o o d meaning.' A l a b a m a Farm B u r e a u Mut. Casualty Ins. Co. v . C i t y o f H a r t s e l l e , 460 So. 2d 1219, 1223 (Ala. 1984). The g e n e r a l r u l e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e A l a b a m a C r i m i n a l Code i s f o u n d i n A l a . Code 1975, § 13A-1-6: ' A l l provisions of t h i s t i t l e s h a l l be c o n s t r u e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e fair i m p o r t o f t h e i r t e r m s t o p r o m o t e j u s t i c e and to effect the objects of the law, including the p u r p o s e s s t a t e d i n s e c t i o n 13A-1-3.' Among the purposes stated i n § 13A-1-4 i s t h a t found in subsection ( 2 ) : 'To g i v e f a i r w a r n i n g o f t h e n a t u r e of the conduct p r o s c r i b e d . ' " Carroll v. 1992). In d e t e r m i n i n g have State, a duty expressed to in the the purpose to 999, 1028 1994), quoting 2d Ex and statute, reason be 1253, 1264-65 (Ala. Crim. App. the proper a p p l i c a t i o n of a s t a t u t e , effectuate which and may parte be necessity obtained.'" ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1 9 8 5 ) ) ; see App. So. "'ascertain language used, sought 599 1 9 9 3 ) , a f f ' d , 642 a l s o R u t l e d g e v. gleaned f o r the Hunt v. Holladay, legislative So. the and the 642 So. 2d 2d 1060 (Ala. 960 (Ala. 466 State, intent from act, State, we So. 2d 956, 745 So. 2d 912 (Ala. Crim. 1999). The record including r e f l e c t s that, along children's underwear, 12 with toys, children's clothing, and other children's CR-07-1923 items, The collage o r montage e x h i b i t s were i n t r o d u c e d c o l l a g e o r montage e x h i b i t s f o u n d i n McFadden's contained pictures or photographs of c h i l d r e n c u t from c a t a l o g s , magazines, juxtaposing engaged what a d u l t nude body p a r t s , i n sexual appeared adult body acts. t o be parts. Applying for and clothed a n d o t h e r p r i n t mediums including genitalia, unclothed of statutory often superimposed bodies with naked by McFadden, this construction set forth i n e f f e c t a t the time o f the commission given t h e "ACPA" a n d t h e p u r p o s e ACPA, c o n s i d e r i n g residence 8 the rules the offenses naked Some o f t h e p h o t o g r a p h s children's above t o t h e s t a t u t e s of at t r i a l . the reason sought and n e c e s s i t y t o be o b t a i n e d by the C o u r t ' s d e c i s i o n i n R.K.D., s u p r a , and F o r e x a m p l e , S t a t e ' s E x h i b i t 11 i n c l u d e s v a r i o u s cut-out p h o t o g r a p h s o f c l o t h e d and u n c l o t h e d young c h i l d r e n combined w i t h photographs o f a d u l t g e n i t a l i a and photographs o f t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f a d u l t s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e a n d o r a l s e x . Some o f the collages o r montages i n State's Exhibit 11 include s e x u a l l y e x p l i c i t verbiage c u t from magazines t h a t i s p a s t e d alongside cut-out children's photographs and cut-out photographs o f a d u l t s e x u a l a c t s and body p a r t s . State's E x h i b i t s 11 a n d 12 a l s o i n c l u d e s e v e r a l p h o t o g r a p h s o f t h e g e n i t a l i a o f what appear t o be young c h i l d r e n , w h i c h could have been t a k e n f r o m an a n a t o m i c , s c i e n t i f i c , or medical r e f e r e n c e , a f f i x e d above o r near t h e c u t - o u t p h o t o g r a p h s o f a d u l t g e n i t a l i a and sexual a c t s . S t a t e ' s E x h i b i t 13 s h o w e d c o l l a g e s o r montages o f a d u l t males and females h a v i n g s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e and o r a l s e x j u x t a p o s e d w i t h p h o t o g r a p h s o f young children. (R. 1 0 3 - 1 3 , 1 5 3 - 5 9 , 1 6 4 - 6 5 , 1 9 9 - 2 0 3 . ) 8 13 CR-07-1923 reviewing that o r montages nudity of children 13A-12-197, which include children pictures combined w i t h i n violation §§ 13A-12-190(12) Moreover, case. R.K.D. not there naked. displaying sexual Ala. under did the genital sufficient and i n fact b y t h e ACPA. See this e i t h e r hand-drawn o r were were was from completely of the naked, pictures or i n t o c o l l a g e s o r montages, Ala. Code 1975. i n collages nature and "matter" The f a c t o r montages of the pictures or t h e e v i d e n c e p r e s e n t e d a t t r i a l was t o e s t a b l i s h a prima of obscene i n the were i n c l u d e d Accordingly, young that some and (13), the pornographic the production reproduction are clearly t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f "obscene" the reproductions photographs. acts, children nudity §§ 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 0 ( 1 2 ) not lessen of unclothed distinguishable t h e c h i l d r e n were meeting o r montages, the dispositive p h o t o g r a p h s t h a t were i n c o r p o r a t e d thereby 13A-12-192(b) Code 1 9 7 5 . i s factually Here, of o f §§ or photographs and (13), conclude The c o l l a g e s 1975. adult we reproductions of the conduct p r o s c r i b e d I n R.K.D., materials i n violation A l a . Code and that as a whole, t h e c o l l a g e o r montage e x h i b i t s c o n t a i n genital and the collages obscene face case matter of the containing o f a p e r s o n u n d e r t h e a g e o f 17 y e a r s . 14 possession a visual Thus, we CR-07-1923 uphold McFadden's convictions against his evidentiary arguments. II. McFadden protected next by argues the Constitution. First McFadden U.S. 747 (1982) U.S. 234 (2002), that Amendment claims and A s h c r o f t retain collage o r montage that Ex p a r t e the development obscenity v. Ferber, 458 Speech Coalition, 535 of United counters First this f o rthe that genital because nudity, i t s h o u l d be a f f o r d e d no This Court reviews supra, States protections K e y , 890 S o . 2 d 1 0 5 6 , 1 0 5 9 I n Lanham v. S t a t e , of York contained w h i c h amounted t o c h i l d pornography, novo. New The S t a t e evidence F i r s t Amendment p r o t e c t i o n . the Amendment 9 o r montages a r e of v. Free First c o l l a g e o r montage e x h i b i t s . the the collages s u c h i s s u e s de (Ala. 2003). Court provided Amendment doctrine a history regarding a n d c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y a n d s l a t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g when c o n s i d e r i n g whether d e p i c t i o n s of c h i l d n u d i t y i n a constituted protected videotape expression: " I n M i l l e r v . C a l i f o r n i a , 4 1 3 U.S. 1 5 , 93 S . C t . 2607, 37 L . E d . 2 d 4 1 9 (1973), the United States We n o t e t h a t t h e s t a t u t e s f o r m i n g the basis f o r the c h a r g e d o f f e n s e s i n F e r b e r , O s b o r n e v . O h i o , 4 9 5 U.S. 1 0 3 , 111, 98 ( 1 9 9 0 ) , and A s h c r o f t p r o h i b i t e d t h e p o s s e s s i o n o r d i s t r i b u t i o n of c h i l d pornography. 9 15 CR-07-1923 Supreme C o u r t e s t a b l i s h e d a t h r e e - p a r t test for determining whether material is 'obscene' and therefore subject to state regulation. I n New York v . F e r b e r , 458 U.S. 7 4 7 , 102 S . C t . 3 3 4 8 , 73 L . E d . 2 d 1113 (1982), the C o u r t m o d i f i e d the M i l l e r t e s t t o allow states greater leeway i n r e g u l a t i n g child pornography. After Ferber was announced, the Alabama L e g i s l a t u r e rewrote the child-pornography statutes, including § 13A-12-190(13), A l a . Code 1975, w h i c h d e f i n e s t h e t e r m ' o b s c e n e . ' "Under the new definition, the Miller test a p p l i e s o n l y to d e p i c t i o n s of 'breast n u d i t y ' ; i t does not a p p l y t o d e p i c t i o n s of the o t h e r s i x forms of sexual conduct specified in § 13A-12-197, including 'genital nudity.' P o o l e v. S t a t e , 596 S o . 2 d 6 3 2 , 638 ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1 9 9 2 ) . ' U n d e r new § 13A-12-190(13), m a t e r i a l d e p i c t i n g c h i l d r e n engaged i n a c t s i n v o l v i n g these forms of s e x u a l conduct need only l a c k " s e r i o u s l i t e r a r y , a r t i s t i c , p o l i t i c a l , or scientific value"' to be proscribed. Id. ' " O b s c e n e , " as a p p l i e d t o t h e s e m a t e r i a l s , simply d o e s n o t mean " o b s c e n e u n d e r t h e M i l l e r t e s t . " ' 596 So. 2 d a t 639. " S e c t i o n 13A-12-190(11) d e f i n e s ' g e n i t a l n u d i t y ' as '[t]he lewd showing of the g e n i t a l s or pubic area.'" " . . . " " I n New Y o r k v . F e r b e r , 458 U.S. [747] a t 762, 102 S . C t . 3 3 4 8 , [73 L . E d . 2 d 1113 (1982)] the U n i t e d S t a t e s Supreme C o u r t r e c o g n i z e d t h a t s t a t e s have a 'compelling' i n t e r e s t i n safeguarding the p h y s i c a l and psychological well-being of minors and in p r e v e n t i n g t h e i r s e x u a l e x p l o i t a t i o n and abuse. The Court noted that i t was 'unlikely that visual d e p i c t i o n s o f c h i l d r e n ... l e w d l y e x h i b i t i n g t h e i r g e n i t a l s w o u l d o f t e n c o n s t i t u t e an i m p o r t a n t and necessary part of a literary performance or scientific or educational work.' 450 U.S. at 7 6 2 - 6 3 , 101 S.Ct. 1451. I n Ex p a r t e F e l t o n , the A l a b a m a Supreme C o u r t r e a c h e d a s i m i l a r c o n c l u s i o n : 16 CR-07-1923 '"[W]e b e l i e v e t h a t , l i k e t h e p r o m o t i o n s t a g e o f t h e c h i l d pornography cycle addressed i n Ferber, the value of p e r m i t t i n g possession of 'photographic r e p r o d u c t i o n s of c h i l d r e n engaged i n lewd sexual c o n d u c t i s e x c e e d i n g l y m o d e s t , i f n o t de m i n i m i s . ' " ' E x p a r t e F e l t o n , 526 So. 2 d 6 3 8 , 641 (Ala. 1988), q u o t i n g S t a t e v . M e a d o w s , 28 O h i o S t . 3 d 4 3 , 4 9 - 5 0 , 503 N . E . 2 d 6 9 7 , 703 ( 1 9 8 6 ) , q u o t i n g i n t u r n F e r b e r , 458 U.S. a t 7 6 2 , 102 S . C t . 3348." 888 So. 2d at After Ferber, criminalizing Osborne v. produced victim's the Supreme Court mere p o s s e s s i o n 495 U.S. 103, of 111 child ("[T]he permanently pornography's come."). conclude that that pornography product, i t was i t continued will Osborne, also decrease decreasing observed Georgia, that, 394 supra, U.S. record the children the State production of who possess view demand." 495 after and Court's the 567 (1969), U.S. at been c h a r a c t e r i z e d as 17 to child the 109-10. decision i t s earlier exceedingly in Court i n a p p o s i t e h o l d i n g , "'the value of p e r m i t t i n g p o r n o g r a p h y has the causes Supreme for See materials the those 557, statute existence the "surely reasonable i f i t penalizes thereby S t a n l e y v. In a pornography. (1990) pornographers The upheld v i c t i m s c o n t i n u i n g harm by h a u n t i n g recognized seemingly the child abuse. to Osborne the Ohio, by child years 1285-87. in and child modest, i f CR-07-1923 n o t de 458 minimis.'" U.S. at As with obscenity, involving Coalition, B e f o r e 1996, depictions 495 U.S. a t 108, the F i r s t "actual" 535 U.S. Amendment d o e s n o t children. 234, 240 at issue i n Ferber, that See 18 U.S.C. § 2 2 5 2 (2002); C h i l d Pornography that at prohibition 18 U.S.C. § other prohibited categories of speech, 2256(8)(B), and the § Ashcroft. 535 U.S. those at speech materials 1460-1466 [and] would third, at that 240-41. through a t h e y have redeeming value."). such 1 0 retained three the first, at issue CPPA has t o reach beyond using federal added were statute. depictions, social and Congress separate [T]he CPPA s e e k s reach v i s u a l ("The i s obscene; The of which 2256(8)(D), supra. created ("CPPA") 2256(8)(A) Free as t h e t y p e o f ed.). P r e v e n t i o n A c t i o n o f 1996 v. Ferber, i s , images (1994 protect Ashcroft Congress d e f i n e d c h i l d pornography actual minors. directed quoting Ferber, 762. pornography Speech Osborne, 18 ... is § in not proscribed U.S.C. obscenity as m o v i e s , §§ ... even i f More p a r t i c u l a r l y , in S e c t i o n 2 2 5 6 ( 8 ) ( B ) p r o h i b i t e d "any v i s u a l depiction, i n c l u d i n g any p h o t o g r a p h , f i l m , v i d e o , p i c t u r e , o r computer o r c o m p u t e r - g e n e r a t e d image o r p i c t u r e , " t h a t " i s , o r appears t o be, o f a minor e n g a g i n g i n s e x u a l l y e x p l i c i t c o n d u c t . " 535 U.S. a t 2 4 1 . 1 0 Section 2256(8)(C) of the 18 CPPA covered any visual CR-07-1923 Ashcroft, the 2256(8)(B) Supreme and (D) could The litigants the constitutionality conduct As CPPA, d i d not involved Court U.S. at 241. obscene, general by rule, § the nor U.S.C. §§ scrutiny. d i d the Court speak speaks to to the case. that they "do not § 2256(8)(B) of the involve, i n the production process." unless pornography" First 18 constitutional 2256(8)(C), which Consequently, "virtual protected of whether o f images embraced by noted harm, any c h i l d r e n withstand challenge, in this to the sort the Court considered those of that Amendment. 535 pornography l e t alone Ashcroft, images are particular U.S. c a n be b a n n e d o n l y at 240 535 also type ("As i f obscene, is a but d e p i c t i o n m o d i f i e d t o a p p e a r a s t h o u g h an a c t u a l m i n o r was engaged i n s e x u a l l y e x p l i c i t a c t i v i t y . In Ashcroft, the Supreme C o u r t d e s c r i b e d t h i s p r o v i s i o n as p r o h i b i t i n g a more "common a n d l o w e r t e c h m e a n s o f c r e a t i n g v i r t u a l images," known as " c o m p u t e r m o r p h i n g . " 535 U.S. a t 2 4 2 . In l i e u of c r e a t i n g o r i g i n a l images, "morphing" a l l o w e d pornographers t o " a l t e r i n n o c e n t p i c t u r e s o f r e a l c h i l d r e n so t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n a p p e a r t o be e n g a g e d i n s e x u a l a c t i v i t y . " I d . S e c t i o n 2256(8)(D) d e f i n e d c h i l d pornography t o i n c l u d e a n y s e x u a l l y e x p l i c i t i m a g e t h a t was " a d v e r t i s e d , promoted, p r e s e n t e d , d e s c r i b e d , o r d i s t r i b u t e d i n s u c h a manner t h a t c o n v e y [ e d ] t h e i m p r e s s i o n " t h a t i t d e p i c t e d "a m i n o r e n g a g i n g in sexually e x p l i c i t conduct." "This p r o v i s i o n prevent[ed] c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h e r s and p e d o p h i l e s f r o m e x p l o i t i n g p r u r i e n t i n t e r e s t s i n c h i l d s e x u a l i t y and s e x u a l a c t i v i t y t h r o u g h t h e production or d i s t r i b u t i o n of pornographic m a t e r i a l which i s i n t e n t i o n a l l y p a n d e r e d as c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y . " 5 3 5 U.S. at 242. 19 CR-07-1923 under Ferber, whether pornography showing or not the images McFadden's collages scope montages issue of involve here "prohibits virtual U.S. at computer section can or montages are more children. images, 242. common known as Similar morphing and Images lower computer to involves t o make i t a p p e a r t h a t explicit conduct. sort of within collages o f t h e CPPA, means morphing." altering sexually the or s i m i l a r to those tech McFadden's children not these are addressed i n § 2256(8)(C) a proscribed b y t h e C o u r t as f a l l i n g 2256(8)(B), because real be are obscene."). " v i r t u a l pornography" described the minors of which creating Ashcroft, collages or photographs at 535 montages, of actual those c h i l d r e n are engaged i n See 535 U.S. a t 242 (describing "computer m o r p h i n g " as f o l l o w s : " R a t h e r t h a n c r e a t i n g original images, of children pornographers so t h a t can alter the c h i l d r e n innocent pictures appear t o be engaged i n real sexual activity"). While the Ashcroft constitutionality type of "virtual "[a]lthough virtual of Court d i d not s p e c i f i c a l l y address the § 2 2 5 4 ( 8 ) ( C ) ' s ban pornography," m o r p h e d i m a g e s may child pornography, that particular i t d i d note, i n dictum, fall they 20 on within implicate that the d e f i n i t i o n of the interests of CR-07-1923 real children and a r e i n t h a t Ferber." Ashcroft, suggests that protected by the F i r s t sense 5 3 5 U.S. McFadden's closer a t 242. collages Amendment. That or Congress crafted responsive PROTECT A c t " ) , w h i c h d e f i n e d addition t o images explicit conduct, computer-generated of images strongly montages are d e c i s i o n was h a n d e d legislation i n 2003 children § that engaged 2256(8)(A), in digital are "indistinguishable" see § 2256(8)(B), and v i s u a l d e p i c t i o n s or modified appear as engaged i n s e x u a l l y e x p l i c i t ("the sexually images o f a c t u a l minors engaging i n s e x u a l l y e x p l i c i t to not c h i l d pornography t o include, i n "real" see dictum 11 Almost immediately a f t e r the Ashcroft down, t o t h e images i n though an conduct. from conduct, t h a t have been identifiable or created minor i s See § 2 2 5 6 ( 8 ) ( C ) . The I n F e r b e r , t h e C o u r t u p h e l d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y o f New Y o r k ' s s t a t u t o r y b a n on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f m a t e r i a l s that d e p i c t a sexual performance by a c h i l d . In reaching the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t c h i l d pornography i s o u t s i d e t h e scope o f t h e p r o t e c t i o n s a f f o r d e d b y t h e F i r s t Amendment, t h e C o u r t n o t e d that the "prevention of sexual e x p l o i t a t i o n and abuse o f c h i l d r e n c o n s t i t u t e s a government o b j e c t i v e of surpassing importance." 458 U.S. a t 757. In support of that conclusion, the Court observed: "The d i s t r i b u t i o n of photographs and f i l m s d e p i c t i n g sexual a c t i v i t y by j u v e n i l e s i s i n t r i n s i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s e x u a l abuse o f c h i l d r e n [T]he materials produced a r e a permanent record of the children's p a r t i c i p a t i o n and t h e harm to the c h i l d i s e x a c e r b a t e d b y t h e i r c i r c u l a t i o n . " 458 U.S. a t 7 5 9 . 1 1 21 CR-07-1923 definition Ashcroft of "morphed" remained PROTECT A c t . See McFadden's and those or montages images of real conduct. as a See C r i m . App. children from pornography possessing such Supreme C o u r t has the First by not CPPA and in and the the both regard, Ferber been 526 So. and created 2d 2d 638 of and the as 635, (Ala. 1988) physiological s u b j e c t of child interest in above, the noted c o l l a g e s or montages McFadden are 242 do not t h e Supreme C o u r t s u g g e s t e d j u s t the this Ferber, U.S. p r o v i s i o n , and supra. possession 22 535 protected at mere Ashcroft, 637 in protecting i t s appellant's p r o d u c e d by challenge e.g., that nudity seemingly engaged i n interest First, See In has So. addressed whether In f a c t , considered 526 the materials"). consider See, State, State's outweighs not opposite. v. f o r c i n g a c h i l d t o be ( " R e s p o n d e n t s do Court in record affirmed, Amendment. it."). the p h y s i c a l , emotional, sort possessed the discussed involved genital identified Felton "[t]he cruel, far as children. lasting 1986), that abuse o c c a s i o n e d by concerns insofar (recognizing of between c h i l d r e n s h o w i n g g e n i t a l n u d i t y and sexual (Ala. as collages implicate Ashcroft, unchanged pornography id. pornographic they child Whereas of we the virtual Supreme child CR-07-1923 pornography a " v i c t i m l e s s " crime, McFadden's possession photographs Although naked incorporated activities children were of the pictures the collages being n o t made contested and or montages. b y McFadden live edited t o engage i n the particular i n the photographs, displayed were production into i n the pictures children engaged and t h e same c a n n o t b e s a i d o f t h e images o f r e a l t o appear i n genital nudity as t h o u g h and often the children sexual were conduct. See § 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 0 ( 1 3 ) , A l a . Code 1 9 7 5 . A l t h o u g h t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e pictures or photographs montages may children made t o a c t u a l l y e n g a g e i n s e x u a l forms belong of child montage to a virtual human images concerns that different pornography, pictures identifiable incorporated as or rather discussed informed not i n Ashcroft. "[t]he State's physical, forcing and class of victims than behavior the Ferber i n other i n the collage are nonetheless than or actual computer-generated i n Ashcroft. i m p l i c a t e d by t h e f a c t s of t h i s were the collages the children photographs victims, into The therefore, are c a s e i n a manner i n w h i c h they See F e l t o n , decision, underlying supra (recognizing that i n t e r e s t i np r o t e c t i n g i t s c h i l d r e n from c r u e l , emotional, a child and p h y s i o l o g i c a l t o be t h e s u b j e c t 23 abuse of child occasioned by pornography f a r CR-07-1923 outweighs the materials"). appellant's See also interest Rutledge, in supra (construing pornography statute p r o h i b i t i n g possession or other visual computers, genital reproduction" computer nudity discs, of actual possessing warrant no First to include images c h i l d r e n , when p r e s e n t e d McFadden i s n o t e n t i t l e d protection. t o any r e l i e f stored on Displays and t h e I n t e r n e t ) . Amendment child- of a "photographic or montage form, as i n t h i s c a s e , c o n s t i t u t e c h i l d and such of i n collage pornography Accordingly, on t h i s claim. III. B a s e d on t h e p r i n c i p l e s e s p o u s e d b y A s h c r o f t , its progeny, McFadden next w h i c h he was c o n v i c t e d , Code argues that supra, the statutes and under §§ 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 2 ( b ) a n d 1 3 A - 1 2 - 1 9 7 , A l a . 1975, a r e u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l l y o v e r b r o a d . As doctrine this Court applies prosecution has to consistently activities by t h e F i r s t noted, that are the protected Amendment: "'"'The overbreadth doctrine d e r i v e s f r o m t h e F i r s t Amendment, see Young v. American Mini T h e a t r e s , 427 U.S. 5 0 , 96 S . C t . 2440, 49 L.Ed.2d 310 (1976); P a r k e r v . L e v y , 417 U.S. 7 3 3 , 94 S.Ct. 2547, 41 L.Ed.2d 439 (1974), and s e r v e s t o i n v a l i d a t e legislation so sweeping that, along with i t s allowable 24 overbreadth from CR-07-1923 proscriptions, i t also restricts constitutionally-protected rights of free speech, press, or assembly, see e.g., Coates v. Cincinnati, 402 U.S. 611, 91 S.Ct. 1686, 29 L.Ed.2d 214 (19 7 1 ) . ' " ' " E l s t o n v . S t a t e , 687 S o . 2 d 1 2 3 9 , 1244 ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1996) ( q u o t i n g M c C a l l v . S t a t e , 565 S o . 2 d 1 1 6 3 , 1 1 6 5 ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1 9 9 0 ) ) ; a c c o r d H y s h a w v . S t a t e , 893 So. 2 d 1 2 3 9 , 1242 ( A l a . C r i m . A p p . 2 0 0 3 ) . " Lansdell 2007), v. cert. State, denied, "According a statute amount U.S. medicine" 3d 11 69, invalid The only "substantial legitimate overbreadth United States ... the overbreadth doctrine sweep." 6 0 1 , 613 overbreadth judged i s not in relation Osborne, 495 U.S. challenge t o mount only a t 112. establish t h a t no s e t o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s See I t should real, but be also plainly A challenge to difficult must under which the S t a t e s v. S a l e r n o , 25 "strong the challenger exists 553 resort. i s " t h e most successfully, since United (1973). is to the statute's a s t a t u t e on t h e g r o u n d s o f o v e r b r e a d t h [ a ] c t w o u l d be v a l i d . " doctrine, v. W i l l i a m s , t o be u s e d s p a r i n g l y a n d o n l y as a l a s t when App. i f i t prohibits a substantial speech." (2008). ( A l a . Crim. ( A l a . 2009). Amendment B r o a d r i c k v . O k l a h o m a , 413 U.S. used 1174 25 S o . 3 d 1 1 8 3 is facially 292 So. to our F i r s t of p r o t e c t e d 285, 25 481 U.S. 739 CR-07-1923 (1987). The f a c t t h a t a s t a t u t e might, under the circumstances, it wholly they read "a v i s u a l § since doctrine Amendment." As See unconstitutional "is insufficient invalid, 'overbreadth' First be 481 U.S. 13A-12-197, A l a . Code are not p r o t e c t e d by naked and limited in challenged Code constitutional); has no to 397 454 U.S. 856 (1981) proscribed nudity." 13A-12-192(b) actual Ferber, children. supra, a lasting collages and involved and record possess State, 397 So. 577 2d So. (providing that 26 2d has been See, and not evil Perry that a and in (Ala. Crim. cert. the v. defendant pornography 567 of f i n d i n g the overbroad child 555, supra, created e.g., (Ala. 1981), the implicate Ashcroft, (recognizing to They i n Ferber, nudity" supra constitutional right App.), w r i t denied, the F i r s t Amendment b e c a u s e t h e y Felton, v. of an montages "breast h i s home); D a n n e l l e y render or or McFadden's ( a p p l y i n g the h o l d i n g pertaining statutes §§ those c h i l d r e n engaged i n g e n i t a l n u d i t y . ACPA of 745. 1975; i t s progeny because State, supra, context Ala. 1975. set recognized engaged i n g e n i t a l the identified the not to of a c h i l d real concerns have at i n 2005, the 13A-12-190(13), of we outside reproduction images right denied, legislature CR-07-1923 intended to innocent remedy and in the ACPA was the sexual h e l p l e s s c h i l d r e n i n f r o n t of Furthermore, the legislature a intended abuse of camera). to prohibit the p o s s e s s i o n , p r o d u c t i o n , and d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f c h i l d pornography in 2d Alabama Following at §§ "by Ferber, and evident innocent enacted We So. amended t h e Ala. pornography involving 745 it. Code and See from the dangers 1975, to codified to further provide supra. "It is need to protect child pornography, broad l e g i s l a t i o n p r o h i b i t i n g the v i s u a l d e p i c t i o n s of i n v o l v e d i n any at type of sexual act." Rutledge, the question i n the n e g a t i v e . c o l l a g e s or montages f a i l whether the challenged M c F a d d e n u r g e s us to d e p i c t v i s u a l l y statutes to hold that the sexual conduct by c h i l d r e n or to memorialize a c t s of s e x u a l abuse by r e q u i r e d by supra, and i t s progeny. McFadden's there was never abuse of and at 52. Ferber, He claims sexual h e l p l e s s c h i l d r e n i n f r o n t of a camera. p. 56. 745 916. answer overreach a t p. 916. further Poole, of at ACPA, L e g i s l a t u r e , r e c o g n i z i n g the children children 2d -197, child of cases t h a t the Rutledge, legislature through prohibit f o r the t r i a l means." the 13A-12-190 define So. any He asserts the collages 27 or c h i l d r e n as innocent McFadden's montages are brief, brief merely CR-07-1923 images pasted explicit together conduct. that convey McFadden's brief McFadden's argument unpersuasive, Ferber Ashcroft emphasized and the of p. 60. We find we reject i t . Both harmed not children are o n l y through the a c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n of pornography, the knowledge that the of i t s c o n t i n u e d c i r c u l a t i o n . United criminalizing Osborne, States the 495 mere U.S. at Supreme Court possession 110-11, We but a l s o further upheld of ("[T]he sexually at and that idea child a note statute pornography. materials produced c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h e r s permanently r e c o r d the v i c t i m ' s abuse. pornography's continued existence causes c o n t i n u i n g harm by h a u n t i n g t h e c h i l d r e n The held Alabama Supreme likewise. Thus, §§ See Court and Felton; this the and i n years to come."). Court have consistently Dannelly. w h i c h c r i m i n a l i z e t h e p o s s e s s i o n and t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f or c h i l d g e n i t a l c r e a t e d w i t h o u t f i l m i n g or p h o t o g r a p h i n g a c t u a l s e x u a l on t h e p a r t o f an i d e n t i f i a b l e though children the violate "matter" the F i r s t are minor, engaged Amendment. "precisely The track[s] 28 in but e d i t e d sexual definition the The victims 13A-12-197, A l a . Code or montage images of c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y by child Rutledge, Perry, 13A-12-192(b) by 1975, collage nudity conduct to appear conduct, as do not of "obscene" and material held consti- CR-07-1923 tutionally proscribable obscene engaged material virtual) children explicit conduct, and any material engaged in sexually conduct." Williams, bounds children 245-246, 553 122 obscenity children). i t s progeny: or actual protect and (actual in sexually at Miller depicting depicting U.S. i n F e r b e r and U.S. S.Ct. or at 293, 1389) citing (First pornography other explicit Ashcroft, Amendment produced 535 does with not actual These p r o h i b i t i o n s f a l l w e l l w i t h i n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l because elaboration physical " [ i ] t that and evident State's Ferber, overbreadth beyond interest psychological 'compelling.'" McFadden's a is well-being 458 U.S. challenge at need for safeguarding in the the of a 756-57. minor is Accordingly, must a l s o fail. collage montage IV. Lastly, were improperly trial that court are trial argues admitted erred only children's the McFadden c l o t h i n g and 1 2 Claim IV 1 3 Claim V into evidence. in admitting generally court the d i d not or He 1 2 items seized c h a r a c t e r i s t i c to children's books. 1 3 also children, abuse i t s d i s c r e t i o n by i n McFadden's i n McFadden's brief. brief. 29 argues from h i s We exhibits the residence such conclude admitting as that the CR-07-1923 c o l l a g e o r montage e v i d e n c e o f c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y children's items that were c o n t e s t e d . "'The q u e s t i o n o f a d m i s s i b i l i t y left to court's the discretion of d e t e r m i n a t i o n on State, Ex parte Loggins, Rule "evidence the that e x c e p t upon a c l e a r showing v. trial court, and the trial reversed of abuse o f d i s c r e t i o n . ' " Barrett ( A l a . C r i m . App. 2 0 0 5 ) , 771 S o . 2 d 1 0 9 3 , 1 1 0 3 any i s generally n o t be Ala.R.Evid., having of evidence question w i l l 918 S o . 2 d 9 4 2 , 946 401, and t h e o t h e r defines tendency quoting ( A l a . 2000). relevant as the existence of t o make evidence any f a c t that i s of consequence to the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the a c t i o n more p r o b a b l e evidence." 402, is or less Although probable relevant A l a . R . E v i d . , i t "may of the considerations presentation of issues, undue i t would evidence be e x c l u d e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y outweighed confusion than be w i t h o u t i s admissible, delay, misleading waste of cumulative evidence." of prejudice, the jury, time, or Rule or by needless 403, A l a . R . E v i d . "To be c o m p e t e n t a n d a d m i s s i b l e , e v i d e n c e m u s t be r e l e v a n t - - t h e i s s u e s t h a t i s , e v i d e n c e must t e n d to prove or d i s p r o v e t h e i s s u e s b e f o r e t h e j u r y . R u l e 4 0 1 , A l a . R. E v i d . The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e relevancy and admissibility of evidence rests l a r g e l y i n the sound d i s c r e t i o n of the t r i a l judge. The t r i a l j u d g e i s o b l i g e d t o l i m i t t h e e v i d e n c e t o t h a t e v i d e n c e t h a t w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y t o a i d t h e 30 Rule i f i t s probative value by t h e danger o f u n f a i r or the CR-07-1923 f a c t - f i n d e r s i n d e c i d i n g t h e i s s u e s b e f o r e them, and to p r e c l u d e e v i d e n c e t h a t i s too remote, i r r e l e v a n t , o r whose p r e j u d i c e o u t w e i g h s i t s p r o b a t i v e value. L o g g i n s v . S t a t e , 771 S o . 2 d 1070 , 1 0 7 7 - 7 8 ( A l a . C r i m . App. 1999), a f f ' d , 771 S o . 2 d 1 0 9 3 ( A l a . 2000)." Harrington v. State, 858 So. 2d 278, 293 ( A l a . Crim. App. 2002). McFadden various filed items, children's including underwear, articles and children, and o t h e r hearing motions and children's trial. the reported most of and e x c l u d e d the the or books, to held montages when o b j e c t e d charges murdered court or and newspaper and/or The t r i a l collages exclude montages, toys, kidnapped others defended seeking collages c h i l d r e n ' s items. admitted McFadden limine clothing, clippings items in to against a and during him by d i s c l a i m i n g knowledge o f t h e p r e s e n c e o f c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y and children's failed First items to c o n s t i t u t e c h i l d montage relevant child items t h a t t h e c o l l a g e s or montages pornography in violation of the Amendment. The t r i a l or and by a r g u i n g court properly admitted e x h i b i t s and t o prove pornography. were the children's or disprove The the items. possession items The collage admitted were and p r o d u c t i o n of c o l l a g e s and montages and c h i l d r e n ' s intermingled throughout 31 McFadden's house. CR-07-1923 Especially given that the S t a t e had " k n o w i n g l y " p o s s e s s e d and p r o d u c e d his defenses protection, of lack many o f of the items setting of the case determination without circumstances of charge. 77 See, (Ala. the e.g., constituted and improper, as the knowledge that such harmless the cross-examination, was evidence time, the make i t s place, basis 270, the So. 2d defense o f a n a b s e n t p s y c h i a t r i s t was not to testify of 307 the and the entitled to to to any error know why as the witness r e p o r t s and a l s o t h e i n the admission of t h i s basis evidence i s b e c a u s e many o f t h e i t e m s c o u l d p r o p e r l y e n t e r u n d e r R u l e 4 0 4 ( b ) , A l a . R . E v i d . , as s h o w i n g more c h i l d p o r n o g r a p h y more likely investigators erotica expected (permitting jury Amendment physical 54 A l a . A p p . training and g i v e n reliance). Moreover, the be perform 1975) McFadden j u r y i s e n t i t l e d t o know of r e l i e d on t h e a b s e n t p s y c h i a t r i s t ' s of that First App. on qualifications The cannot acts and Dean v. S t a t e , Crim. psychiatrist, and prove c h i l d pornography knowledge p r o v i d i n g the j u r y w i t h context. the to as indicators The and c h i l d r e n ' s i t e m s t h a t were p r e s e n t , McFadden often knowledge or i n t e n t . look of had for the knowledge. children's presence 32 of Additionally, items child and child pornography. CR-07-1923 These items children's show that which items, McFadden increases knowingly possessed may and were related acts and afforded S t a t e s h o u l d be First t h a t he knew o f contention s h o u l d have been r e d a c t e d merit. goes t o the in the evidence or Based is due The crux trial t o be argue displayed probability pornography. that the that of the that and McFadden collages and the the of We admission foregoing, of pornography. pictures or photographs introduced piecemeal i s likewise case. children's the child he p r o t e c t i o n , but Amendment composition court's the on may and able to introduce h i g h l y probative evidence McFadden's without the produced c h i l d d i s c l a i m knowledge montages acquired the find of collages no the or abuse of collage montages discretion or montage items. the judgment of the trial court affirmed. AFFIRMED. Wise, P.J., and W e l c h , Windom, and 33 Kellum, J J . , concur.

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