State of Alabama v. Rachelle Echols Livingston, alias
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Rel 02/01/2008 Notice: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the advance sheets of Southern Reporter. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Alabama Appellate Courts, 300 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, Alabama 36104-3741 ((334) 229-0649), of any typographical or other errors, in order that corrections may be made before the opinion is printed in Southern Reporter. ALABAMA COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OCTOBER TERM, 2007-2008 _________________________ CR-06-1846 _________________________ State of Alabama v. Rachelle Echols Livingston Appeal from Montgomery Circuit Court (CC-06-218) WELCH, Judge. The State of Alabama appeals from the order of the trial court finding that the felony indictment charging Rachelle Echols Livingston, a convicted sex offender, with failure to notify the Montgomery County Sheriff's Office of a change in CR-06-1864 her residence at least 30 days prior to her move violated the constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws. Specifically, the trial court found that because the offense with which Livingston was indicted was a Class A misdemeanor at the time the offense was committed, the State could not properly indict her for the offense as a Class C felony. A registered sex offender's failure to notify the proper law-enforcement agencies more than 30 days before changing residences is a violation of § 15-20-23, Ala. Code 1975, part of the Community Notification Act, § 15-20-20 to -38, Ala. Code 1975. The offense was changed from a Class A misdemeanor to a Class C felony effective October 1, 2005. The record created thus far shows the following. In 1994, Livingston was convicted of enticing a minor and of second-degree sex abuse. The parties do not dispute that as a result of Livingston's 1994 convictions for enticing a minor and second-degree sex abuse, she was required to comply with the provisions of the Community Notification Act. The State alleges that on July 1, 2005, Livingston's husband signed a new lease at a different address in Montgomery, and the family moved into the home at that address 2 CR-06-1864 in August 2005, without having notified the Montgomery County Sheriff's Office, as required by § 15-20-23. On October 25, 2005, the sheriff's office discovered that Livingston was living at the new address rather than the address for she was registered. Livingston was arrested and charged with the offense on October 27, 2005. The Montgomery County grand jury indicted Livingston on February 10, 2006, alleging that she had failed to notify the sheriff's office of her change of address, in violation of § 15-20-23. trial Subsequently, the State filed a motion asking the court to determine whether it was going to treat Livingston's case as a continuing offense, which would mean she could be convicted of a Class C felony rather than a Class A misdemeanor. A hearing was held on the motion, after which the trial court entered an order classifying the charge against Livingston as a misdemeanor. "'The State has a limited right to appeal; that right is governed by § 12-12-70, Ala. Code 1975 [authorizing the State to appeal from a judgment holding a statute invalid], § 12-22-91, Ala. Code 1975 [authorizing the State to appeal when 3 CR-06-1864 the statute under which the indictment is preferred is held to be unconstitutional]; and Rule 15.7, Ala. R. Crim. P. [authorizing the State to take a pretrial appeal from rulings suppressing evidence or from orders dismissing all or part of an indictment]. According to these provisions, the State may appeal from ... pretrial rulings ... dismissing charges....'" State v. D.L.A., [Ms. CR-06-0240, June 29, 2007] ___ So. 2d ___, ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2007), quoting State v. Maddox, 828 So. 2d 946, 947 (Ala. Crim. App. 2001). See also State v. Seawright, 961 So. 2d 187 (Ala. Crim. App. 2006). This case has not yet come to trial. Accordingly, the State appealed from the trial court's order pursuant to Rule 15.7, Ala. R. Crim. P., which allows the State to appeal from a pretrial order of the circuit court if the order, among other things, complaint only Criminal purpose an indictment, information, or any (or complaint)." taken "dismiss[es] an indictment, information, or of The rule goes on to say, "Such an appeal may be if the Appeals of part delay prosecutor that the and that certifies appeal the 4 is order, not if to the brought not Court of for the reversed on CR-06-1864 appeal, will be fatal to the prosecution of the charge." Rule 15.7(a), Ala. R. Crim. P. In this case, the trial court did not dismiss indictment against Livingston in whole or in part. the Contrary to the State's assertion in its notice of appeal that the trial court's order is fatal to the prosecution, in fact, the order does not alter in any way the elements the State must prove to show that Livingston violated § 15-20-23. We note that the offense charged in § 15-20-23 is not a continuing offense, i.e., the offense charged in the indictment was completed at the time Livingston moved without notifying the proper authorities. See Johnson v. State, [Ms. CR-06-1357, November 2, 2007] ___ So. 2d ___ (Ala. Crim. App. 2007). The issue before the trial court was whether the law to be applied was the law that was in existence at the time the offense occurred, alleged by the State to be in August 2005, or the law that took effect October 1, 2005, after the date the offense was alleged to have occurred. The trial court determined that the law in effect at the time of the offense applied and that, therefore, Livingston could not be punished as a felony offender. 5 The elements the State must CR-06-1864 prove in showing that a violation of § 15-20-23 occurred remain the same regardless of whether the offense occurred before or after the date the change in the applicable penalty took effect. The trial court's ruling does not alter the indictment against Livingston in any way. This is not a situation in which the offense is enhanced if the State presents proof of an additional element, for example, proving a prior conviction of marijuana possession to elevate a current charge of unlawful possession of marijuana from a misdemeanor offense possession, a felony offense. Code 1975. offense to prosecution. to first-degree unlawful See § 13A-12-213(a)(2), Ala. The trial court's order had no bearing on the be tried; it is certainly not "fatal" to the Instead, the order simply determined that, if Livingston is convicted of violating § 15-20-23, she will be sentenced for committing a Class A misdemeanor rather than for committing a Class C felony, because the offense occurred before the change in the law making the wrongful conduct a felony offense rather than a misdemeanor offense. 6 CR-06-1864 The issue made the basis of the State's appeal is not one that can properly be the subject of a pretrial appeal by the State, pursuant to Rule 15.7, Ala. R. Crim. P. For the reasons set forth above, this appeal is due to be dismissed. APPEAL DISMISSED. Baschab, P.J., and Shaw, J., concur. concurs in the result. McMillan, J., Wise, J., dissents, with opinion. WISE, Judge, dissenting. I dissent from the majority's decision to dismiss the State's appeal from the trial court's finding that the felony indictment returned against Livingston violated constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws. the The majority concludes that the issue made the basis of the State's appeal is not one that can properly be the subject of a pretrial appeal by the State under Rule 15.7, Ala.R.Crim.P. The trial court's action was based on its conclusion that in August 2005, when Livingston actually transferred her legal residence without first submitting proper notice of her intent to move, a violation of § 15-20-23(a), Ala. Code 1975, was a 7 CR-06-1864 Class A misdemeanor, as opposed to the Class C felony for which she was indicted. The majority concludes that the appeal should be dismissed because the court's order was not "fatal" to the prosecution, but merely addressed what sentence she could receive, if convicted of violating § 15-20-23. In my opinion, the trial court's action constituted the dismissal of the felony indictment against Livingston. Although she could still be tried for a misdemeanor offense, the court's action was effectively "fatal" to the State's prosecution of a felony offense. Thus, I believe that the State was entitled to file a pretrial appeal of the trial court's order, pursuant to Rule 15.7, Ala.R.Crim.P. Further, I believe that this offense constitutes a continuing offense, and, therefore, that Livingston could be properly indicted for the felony offense. My conclusion is based on this Court's decision in State v. Goldberg, 819 So. 2d 123 (Ala.Crim.App. 2001). Although Goldberg involved a conviction for failing to register as a sex offender, in violation of § 13A-11-200, Ala. Code 1975, rather than a violation of § 15-20-23, I fail to see the distinction between these two offenses that would make one -- and not the other -- a continuing offense. 8 In my CR-06-1864 opinion, Livingston's transference of her legal residence without first submitting proper notice of her intent to move constituted a continuing offense. A sex offender's failure to submit notice of her intent to move and the continued act of remaining at the new residence would, in my opinion, significantly impair the purpose of the statute and the Alabama Legislature's intent in creating a registry of sex offenders; namely, monitoring the location of all convicted sex offenders within the State of Alabama. Therefore, Livingston was properly indicted for a Class C felony offense. See also Johnson v. State, [Ms. CR-06-1357, November 2, 2007] ___ So. 2d ___ (Ala.Crim.App. 2007) (Wise, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). Based on the foregoing, I would not dismiss the State's appeal. Moreover, I would reverse the trial court's dismissal of Livingston's felony indictment and remand this case for the Montgomery Circuit Court to reinstate the indictment charging Livingston with the aforementioned Class C felony offense and to proceed accordingly. Therefore, dissent. 9 I must respectfully
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